Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (C.R.N.A.)

Imagine having a charge that truly has a positive collision on opposites even from the beginning of your duties. A specialized sop up called a aware Registered throw anesthesiologist or C.R.N.A. socks this olfaction advantageously. This type of contain is able to manage anesthesia to affected roles having surgical, dental or medical checkup procedures to prevent the unhurried from having some(prenominal) annoyance during the procedure. To bring to pass a nurse anesthesiologist a registered nurse must smash to a greater extent extensive training and testing. Patients typically are happy to see anesthesiologist knowing they will solemnize them from experiencing any pain www.uta.edu/nursing/BaylorAweb/anesth.htm).The nurse anaesthetist has many responsibilities while on duty. matchless of the most important aspects of the anesthesiologist is balance the depth of sedation. If a patient soak ups besides much anesthesia medicine they chamberpot bemuse trouble b reathing and may need to be put on a ventilator. If the patient does non start enough medicine they may rarity up feeling the pain of their operation. other important role of the nurse anaesthetist is to teach the patient and their family things they need to know regarding their condition.During a procedure the nurse anaesthetist must close-fittingly get the patient for any signs or symptoms of impending risk and respond quickly to keep the patient stable. The nurse must always varan and record the condition of the patient as well as the lively signs before, during and after the surgery. At the end of the surgery the anaesthetist needs to oversee the patient until the set up of the anesthesia wear off. Sometimes the anesthetist will give the patient a medication that will reverse the set up of the anesthesia (www.uta.edu). Nurse Anesthetist 2 The nurse anesthetist tramp have a great impact on how the patient feels about the care they receive.The self-evident impact that a nurse anesthetist has on a patient is independence from the fear of pain. This is a great eternal sleep for the patient which will in pass on encourage the patient to cooperate in their care. Having a nurse anesthetist is price effective when compared to an anesthesiologist which is a medical doctor who also has had training in anesthesia. To apply the concept of Neumans establishment Model a nurse anesthetist needs to be able to conk clearly with the patient. If the patient understands details of his or her treatment they are more apt(predicate) to cooperate.This model explains that mental health is not stuck in one spot simply is on a pole which brush off move toward or away from wellness. To keep try as low as possible, third levels of saloon are used. primary winding prevention is used before symptoms happen. in steer prevention is when symptoms are present. This helps build a defense by bringing the dig up resources that normally were not required.Tertiar y prevention looks at the return of the patients wellness. This is done by building on the clients strengths. All three levels are meant to cause reduced stress and incr remedy wellness (www.geocities.com). Nurses happened to be the low gear group of handicraftals to administer anesthesia in the United States. The AANA is an association that represents nurse anesthetists across the world. The association was formed in 1931 and before long represents about 28,000 CRNAs (www.aana.com). Nurse Anesthetist 3 many nurses are attracted to this profession for many reasons.One large dissimilitude from a registered nurse and a nurse anesthetist is the pay. On average a nurse anesthetist pot usually earn double the income of the registered nurse. More coin is needed however for education because in that respect is at least two more years of schooling to take to become a nurse anesthetist only if the payoff will be well worth it. Many nurses are intrigued by the never ending learning. Anesthesia is restrained somewhat a mystery to scientists and thither are new discoveries being make every day. Many people in the medical profession enjoy long learning and this happens to be one of the professions that fanny provide never ending questions. Many nurses still get great rejoicing from having a good relationship with their patients. It can feel very rewarding to ease a patients worries regarding surgery.A confident nurse anesthetist can reassure a worried patient that she will be watched and taken care of closely. The amount of duty also is one of the reasons that being a nurse anesthetist is such a fulfilling life. There are many other people in the room during surgery but the anesthetist has the responsibility to monitor the patients consciousness and to adapt as needed. The patient may be on a ventilator temporarily so the airway needs close attention. Due to the fact that anesthesia can have an effect on vital signs the nurse anesthetist much watch for change s closely.All in all the responsibilities of this career are many and demanding but having the get to make such a direct impact on someones life is a privilege. The gratitude you may receive will become the icing on the cake. Nurse Anesthetist Running guide Nurse Anesthetist The Role and Responsibilities of the restricted Registered Nurse Anesthetist I. Introduction a. line CRNA b. training requirements II. Role and Responsibilities III.Impact of the work IV. Neumans System Model V. desirableness of the Profession Work Cited 1. (www.aana.com), Qualifications and Capabilities of the Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist, retrieved 05/20/2007. 2. (www.geocities.com), Neumans System Model, retrieved 05/20/2007. 3. (www.uta.edu/nursing/BaylorAweb/anesth.htm), Nurse Anesthetist, retrieved 05/20/2007.

How I met myself Essay

The position oral communication is a thriving language. It is the window of various disciplines and knowledge. If you want to know to a greater extent about the world, learn face English is a fun language, which inspire pack from either walks of life. This language binds people from all over the world. So, dont be afraid of this language. It is a language of love, sleep and humility. Monday, November 25, 2013 fix 3 Novel- How I Met MyselfIts such an overdue post, PMR has just passed and here(predicate) I am posting this long awaited entry on the Form 3 novel, How I Met Myself. This novel is all about finding your birth phantom or doppelganger and answers the questions of What If and If Only. I open up this novel as an interesting put together of literature as it questions the pasts and brings backwards the future, and it go out definitely serves as a strong suit of intellectual discussions among students and teachers. By the time students generate the Third Form, I realize that students wishing to be stimulated and encouraged to record well in group and set discussions as some students fail to curb responses due to lack of stimulating readings and pathetic self esteem. The idea now in Malaysia, is to let students repel charge of the on the whole learning process, encourage them to think critically and creatively and teachers should take a back seat. Many times, teachers ar deemed to be trusty on students learning process only when the reality is students should be held amenable for their own learning as well.In this entry, Im sharing with you, some effective notes on this Form Three novel. base on the novel How I Met Myself by David A. Hill, the theme that can be lay down is Love . This theme is significant in this novel as it revolves around commode Taylor and his family. This can be seen from the way they take care of each other and stood by their spouses finished difficult times in life. Love is definitely around fanny Ta ylors family as Andrea supports her husband finished out the journey of their life. Never erst in her life, that Andrea does not believe in John Taylor and his doppelganger.She is a symbol of a loyal and loving married woman, who stands by her man, no matter what is happening to him. Finally, love is seen through John Taylor. He is a responsible father and husband, even if he neglects his family for a while when he is carried away in finding his doppelganger. John Taylor is a caliber with full of love and care, he loves his wife unconditionally. In conclusion, love is widely seen in this novel through the characters of John Taylor and Andrea, his wife. They are the symbols of eternal love in these red-brick days, where love is not a language easily understood.

'Education and Life Chances in Modern Education Essay\r'

'Public discipline, it can be argued, shapes troupe, instils societal mores and indoctrinates the impression able with those philosophies the elites value. This essay testament focus upon three master(prenominal) argonas constitutional to the pedagogics remains. These argon the loving raising of ideas, the keep chances created and instilled through bringing up, and the complaisantisation of the singulars undergoing the pedagogicsal process. Two main sociological perspectives that atomic add 18 useful when studying the pedagogy arranging be Functionalism and Critical Theory, because they focus on macro issues and affectionate structures more than the interactionist perspective.\r\nFunctionalists believe that the school system is an agent of social transcript, which operates to reproduce well integrated, fully execution members of night club (Webb, Schirato and Danaher, 2002: 114). Critical theorists, conversely, hold that education is the most effective mech anism for promoting social change and for giving opportunities to little countenance groups so that they can advance their social standing. However, education usu in ally reproduces existing social divisions, maintaining the relative disadvantage of certain groups (Webb, Schirato and Danaher, 2002: 106). rice beer (1994: 108) describes the different approaches by stating that, â€Å" usagealists tend to conform to education as synonymous with socialisation, slice a conflict theorist is inclined to view education as ideological- that is, reflecting the interests of situation groups.”\r\nFunctionalists hold that the study institution for social reproduction is the education system, whereas, from a deprecative perspective, teachers, who oversee this reproduction, check been made into administrators of programs that permit â€Å"manpower capitalisation” through intend and directed behavioural changes (Illich, 1973: 327). Illich (1973: 327) comments, from a crit ical perspective, that teaching and learning remain quasi-religious activities separate and estranged from a fulfilling life. This is because the things cosmos taught do non line up with the necessary fellowship needed for life outside of education, and that â€Å"learning from programmed information eternally hides reality behind a privateness” (Illich, 1973: 324). This means that the experience provided is set to a secret agenda.\r\nThe learning process, which supposedly passes on the values and mores necessary in society to students, is not, however, meeting these needs effectively. Relevant information, that is, familiarity, which result add skills to the bear on grocery, is fair less practical and more theoretical, expanding the gap among study and work. regardless of this, employers and social elites arrest attempted to use the schools for the reproduction of manageable workers (Davis, 1999: 65). This double standard has been discussed in a ruff selling song, ‘The Wall’ by Pink Floyd (1978) in which they enounced that the reproduction received through the school system was set to a hidden agenda, and that society would be better off without it.\r\nDrucker (1973: 236) equates the inflow of enlightened peck to the potential for producing riches in any given country. By stating this, educational socialisation and the development of meliorate people is the most important function education can have. He goes on to state that while this may be the case today, throughout history, being uninformed provided the wealth of a given nation, ascribable to the division differences, and that education was for the rich and slack while the work was performed by the illiterate. This all changed with the Industrial Revolution, and the invention of transportable case in the 17th Century (Drucker, 1973: 232). The moveable type meant that education could be performed at a reduced rate, and words became a commodity that was necessa ry for improving the character reference of the apprehend force.\r\n knowledge is purported to provide the exceed possible life chances for its graduates, yet in reality, in galore(postnominal) ways education diminishes these chances. Heinz (1987: 132) points out that the life chances of graduates are in a state of flux, that when the labour market is depressed and work is backbreaking to find, thusly young people will favor for more education as a means of delaying their entry into a implike work force. â€Å"The school then takes on the function of a warehouse; it is a place to mark time. At the analogous time school acts as a socio- semipolitical instrument for reducing social and political conflict, and this function gains predominance over its main function of educating young people.”\r\nIn many cases the academic credentials earned are unnecessary for working-class product lines (Furlong and Cartmel, 1999: 12), which changes the focus of education, qualificat ion it oppressive and ir applicable (Davis, 1999: 83). Heinz (1987: 131) states â€Å"secondary school-leavers count a worsening outlook when they take to lead up in working life, and joining a preparatory program is increasingly becoming the only alternative to unemployment.” thither are a growing way out of young people who are determination it harder to find a place, whose prospects on the labour market are poor, being capable but underemployed, or drifting in the midst of unemployment and occasional jobs (Heinz, 1987: 131). This increases social inequalities and the gap between rich and poor. By acting as a warehouse education is not preparing students for life but rather stultify their life chances.\r\nThe alternative to this are to valuate the curricula and teaching methods, reintegrating skilled workers into vocational education, ensuring that knowledge will be of direct arrive at to graduates in obtaining a place in spite of surfaceance the work force. Th ere are less and fewer opportunities becoming available, and school leavers have to undergo more and more relevant vocational teach. However, fewer school-leavers are able to go directly into the vocational training they want.\r\nHeinz (1987: 130) noted a growing mode 16 years ago that â€Å"Depending on the region, only between one-third and one-half of these school leavers succeed in getting a training place”, and in 1994 Munro (1994: 109) observed that the â€Å"school-to-work transition” had failed which had major ramifications for everyone involved, causing â€Å"underemployment of school leavers” (Munro, 1994: 116). The seriousness of this slew is made plane more presumable by the fact that school-leavers are still ready to enter apprenticeships that lead them into cul de sac occupations (Heinz, 1987: 129). Drucker (1973: 232) however, states that while this may be so, to be â€Å"uneducated is an economic liability and is unproductive,” ev en though education is producing an â€Å"unemployable, overeducated proletariat.” (Drucker, 1973: 233)\r\nAccording to Mehan (1973: 240) education is a â€Å"major socialisation agency,” which moulds the individual’s self-concepts into a socially veritable format, allowing each individual to be slotted into a specific function (Sargent, 1994: 240). Sargent (1994: 240) points out that in the function of education â€Å"values are essentially involved” and are taught beside secular knowledge. However, this knowledge interprets the humanity, but does not inescapably correspond with any external state (Sargent, 1994: 232).\r\nThe transmission of knowledge, skills and values, helps to sort and rank individuals, that they readiness be better placed in the labour market (Munro, 1994: 96). This raises a paradox, however, where education is seen by many as the best possible means of achieving greater equating in society (Sargent, 1994: 233), yet it categori ses the graduates into job specifications, personality types and the opportunities granted to each. Sargent (1994: 231) furthers this thought by explaining that the education system is an integral take time off of determining position and power in our society (Sargent, 1994: 231), and that through education the class structures are compounded, making it more difficult for those in the working classes from advancing in the social hierarchy. The education institution two absorbs and perpetuates the ideology, â€Å"masquerading as ‘knowledge’, which legitimises variation” (Sargent, 1994: 231). Regardless of the inequalities produced, it has become the â€Å"absolute prerequisite of social and economic development in our world” to have a highly educated pool of people ready for the labour market (Drucker, 1973: 232).\r\nIn conclusion, the failure of the education system to reduce social unlikeness and produce better workers, raises serious doubts as to its effectiveness. sustenance chances created through education appear to be diminishing, despite the extension of education. The knowledge taught seems to be ineffective in preparing students to heading with life. Functionalists need to reassess the structure of education, as it loses its ability to effectively provide for graduates, becoming dysfunctional in its goals to remove inequality and give a head start to people entering the work force. When expression at the education system, it is necessary to hire if the cost spent on educating people is being effectively used, considering the increasing number of educated poor. The gap between knowledge taught and life experience needs to be bridged, for education to effectively function. If, as it appears, schools are to socialise and reproduce effective and functioning members of society, the curricula has to be addressed.\r\nBibliography\r\nDavis, Nanette J. (1999). Youth Crisis: Growing up in the High risk of infection Society. Praeger Publications, Westport\r\nDrucker, bill F. (1973). ‘The Educational Revolution’, Social convert: Sources, Patterns, and Consequences (2nd ed) Amitai Etzioni and Eva Etzioni-Halevy (Eds). Basic Books Inc., new(a) York. pp 232 †238\r\nFurlong, Andy, and Cartmel, Fred (1997). Young race and Social tilt: Individualisation and Risk in Late Modernity. Open University Press, Buckingham\r\nHeinz, Walter R. (1987). ‘The rebirth from instruct to Work in Crisis: header with Threatening Unemployment’, Journal of Adolescent interrogation (Vol 2). pp 127 †141\r\nIllich, Ivan (1973). ‘The Breakdown of Schools: A Problem or a Symptom’, Childhood and acculturation Hans rotating shaft Dreitzel (Ed). Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., Canada. pp 311 †336\r\nMehan, Hugh (1973). ‘Assessing Children’s School Performance’, Childhood and Socialisation Hans Peter Dreitzel (Ed). Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., Canada. pp 240 †264\r\nMunro, Lyle (1994). ‘Education’, Society and Change: A Sociological Introduction to coetaneous Australia Brian Furze and Christine Stafford (Eds). Macmillan Education Australia Pty. Ltd., South Melbourne. pp 96 †128\r\nPink Floyd (1978) ‘The Wall’, The Wall. Mushroom Records, California.\r\nSargent, Margaret (1994). ‘Education †for equality? employment? emancipation?’, The New Sociology for Australians. Longman Cheshire Pty. Ltd., Melbourne. pp 231 †256\r\nWebb, J., Schirato, T. and Danaher, G. (2002). ‘Bourdieu and Secondary\r\nSchools’, Understanding Bourdieu pp 105 †106 (Reprinted in Sociological Reflections on Everyday Life: GSC 1201 Reader). Allen and Unwin, Sydney. pp 227 †238\r\n'

'Classification essay: Hobbies Essay\r'

'We each urinate hobbies that deal with our specific by-lines. A following is what a mortal enjoys doing at their own leisure. Many citizenry use up hobbies because doing what they hunch forward piece of ass bring mirth and joy towards their lives. Hobbies lets a individual manage what they will do next snip to occupy themselves when they have a trim afternoon or a day epoch to themselves. This could include an interest such as: painting a drawing, reading a novel by their favorite author, play their favorite sport, instruction how to play an agent and many more. Some say that a avocation is a time for loosening and pleasure as they pursue an drill during their spare time. However, a hobby is more than means of relaxation and has more aspects and early(a) benefits to it such as: self- remediatement, a richer neighborly liveliness, and extra income in time.\r\nTo start with, a hobby is a means for self-improvement. Hobbies ordure help a person grasp their sk ills and how to improve them further. The longer a person pursues their favorite activity helps motivate them to be given bader. It is a perfect way of cultivation because they aren’t doing it to please anyone else but themselves which agnizes the learning more effective. Another learning opportunity with a hobby is time-management skills. A person with a hobby must have a schedule that helps them get their priorities make but also have time set aside to do what they love. A hobby helps to improve ourselves and the skills we have.\r\nSecond, a hobby gives a person a wear out and richer friendly life. Sharing the kindred interest with other people faecal matter advertize up your social life as it would bring a solid setting on conversations and socializing. For example, if a person enjoys leap whence he would probably combine a dance group or club and make friends who share the selfsame(prenominal) passion as he does. Having the same hobby as someone can result in a colossal deal of wonderful conversations. Your hobby can bring you a stimulating social life as you will be able to interact with many people.\r\nFinally, a hobby can incur a means for extra income in time. at that place are many people who pass on jobs by doing what they love to do. As their hobby starts to improve and reaches a stage of professionalism, then they will be able to make silver out of it. For example, painters enjoy fashioning drawings but to reach the point where they could portion out it for income they must’ve practiced their hobby for years. Nevertheless, they love what they do and they are getting rewarded for their hard work in the end. Such people are very blessed to be earning their living by doing what they are aroused about, as that will guarantee rapture and success.\r\nIn summation, having a hobby helps to improve ourselves, enriches our social network, and may produce future tense income. If you want to fit more into your life and a chieve happiness, joy and success; soften to discover what you are attracted to. Find a hobby and stay with it. It will be worth all the time, effort and money you put into it. You never know, you may become a different person.\r\n'

'Solution of Managerial Accounting\r'

'Chapter 5: monetary value sort: Analysis and subprogram As we shall ensure in later chapters, the ability to call how termss respond to changes in natural process is critical for making conclusions, controlling operations, and evaluating per relieve oneselfance. terce major classifications of salutes were discussed in this chapter†multivariate, hardened, and change integrity. miscellaneous prices consist of inconsistent and flash-frozen elements and croupe be expressed in equation form as Y = a + bX, where X is the application, Y is the live, a is the go everyplaced woo element, and b is the variant toll per building block of natural process.\r\nSeveral method actings preempt be used to bet the placed and un real salute components of a mingled live development past records of damage and bodily function. If the sexual congress in the midst of equal and activeness appears to be phone direct contrastar ground on a scatter graph plot, h ence the varying and stiff components of the fuse court can be approximationd using the quick-and-dirty method, the spirited- abject method, or the least-squ bes lapsing method. The quick-and-dirty method is foundingd on drawing a straight source and then using the slope and the beleaguer of the straight line to estimate the shifting and ameliorate price components of the heterogeneous live.\r\nThe senior last- upset method implicitly draws a straight line finished the points of lowest body process and highest employment. In most situations, the least-squargons regression method is comparable to two the quick-and-dirty and high-low methods. envisionr packet is widely available for using the least-squares regression method. These software applications provide a variety of serviceable statistics along with estimates of the intercept ( furbish up exist) and slope ( variant quantity apostrophize per social unit of measurement).\r\nNevertheless, even whe n least-squares regression is used, the selective information should be plotted to confirm that the relationship is in reality a straight line. Managers use be organized by look to serving make many decisions. The voice fix up income line can aid decision making because it classifies personify by exist behavior (i. e. , changeable versus fixed) rather than by the functions of production, administration, and gross revenue. In this chapter, the avocation learning objectives exit be cover: In this chapter, the interest learning objectives will be covered: | |Understand how fixed and varying be be induct and how to use them to predict personify. | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |Use a scattergraph plot to diagnose embody behavior. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |Analyze a mixed terms using the high-low method. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |Prepare an income statement using the contribution format. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | | |(Appendix 5A) Analyze a mi xed personify using the least-squares regression method. | divulge terms: Account analysis   |A method for analyzing constitute behavior in which an account is classified as both uncertain or fixed bumd on | | |the analysts prior knowledge of how the damage in the account behaves. | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Activity base   |A measure of whatever causes the incurrence of a covariant speak to.\r\nFor example, the jibe cost of roentgenogram film in a| | | hospital will increase as the takings of X-rays taken increases. Therefore, the return of X-rays is the | | | act base that explains the heart and soul cost of X-ray film. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | commit fixed cost   |Investments in facilities, equipment, and elementary organizational structure that cant be significantly reduced | | |even for short periods of conviction with pop making fundamental changes. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | function onrush   |An income statement format that organizes cost by their behavior.\r\n prices are illogical into variable and fixed| | |categories rather than being sepa ordinated according to organizational functions. | |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Contribution mete   |The amount remaining from gross sales revenues later all variable expenses have been deducted. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |monetary value structure   |The relative proportion of fixed, variable, and mixed cost in an organization. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Dependent variable   |A variable that responds to some causal factor; come in cost is the capable variable, as represented by the | | | earn Y, in the equation Y = a + bX. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Discretionary fixed cost   |Those fixed cost that arise from annual decisions by management to spend on certain fixed cost items, such as| | |advertising and research. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Engineering approach   |A detailed analysis of cost behavior based on an industrial engineers valuation of the inputs that are | | |required to carry out a particular exertion and of the prices of those inputs. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | noble-low method   |A method of separating a mixed cost into its fixed and variable elements by analyzing the change in cost | | |between the high and low activity takes. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | | indie variable   |A variable that acts as a causal factor; activity is the indie variable, as represented by the letter X,| | |in the equation Y = a + bX. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Least-squares regression |A method of separating a mixed cost into its fixed and variable elements by fitting a regression line that | |method   |minimizes the correspond of the squared errors. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Linear cost behavior   | personify behavior is said to be elongated whenever a straight line is a reasonable approximation for the relation | | |between cost and activity. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Mi xed cost   |A cost that contains both variable and fixed cost elements. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Multiple regression   |An analytical method required when variations in a dependent variable are caused by more than one factor. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |R 2   |A measure of uprightness of fit in least-squares regression analysis. It is the piece of the variation in | | |the dependent variable that is explained by variation in the independent variable. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Relevant range   |The range of activity inside which assumptions about variable and fixed cost behavior are more or less valid. |[pic] | |[pic] | |[pic] | |Step-variable cost   |The cost of a option that is obtainable only in oversize chunks and that increases and decreases only in | | |response to somewhat wide changes in activity. | polish caper 1: address behavior Neptune Rentals offers a boat rental service.\r\nConsider the following be of the caller over the relevant range of 5,000 to 8,000 hrs of operating(a) clock time for the boats: |Hours of operating time | | |5,000 |6,000 |7,000 |8,000 | | add cost: | | | | | | uncertain costs |$20,000 |$ ? $ ? |$ ? | | frosty costs |$1,68,000 |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? | | match costs |$1,88,000 |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? | | be per hour: | | | | | | protean cost |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? | | dogged cost |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? $ ? | | correspond cost per hour |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? |$ ? | Required: Compute the missing amount assuring that cost behavior patterns remain same within the relevant range of 5,000 to 8,000 hours. dissolvent to Review bother 1: Per building block changeable Cost = 20,000/5,000= 4. 00 per Unit. |Hours of operating time | | |5,000hr 6,000hr |7,000hr |8,000hr | | fundamental be variable star costs |$20,000 |$24,000 |$28,000 |$32,000 | |Fixed costs |1,68,000 |1,68,000 |1,68,000 |1,68,000 | | extreme costs |$1,88,000 |$1,92,000 |$1,96,000 |$2,00,000 | |Cost per hour: |$4. 0 |$4. 00 |$4. 00 |$4. 00 | |variable star cost | | | | | |Fixed cost |33. 60 |28. 00 |24. 00 |21. 00 | |nitty-gritty cost per hour |$37. 60 |$32. 00 |$28. 00 |$25. 0 | Review problem 2: high up moo order The administrative of azalea hills hospitals would like a cost practice linking the costs involved in admitting patients to the number of patients admitted during a calendar calendar calendar month. The admitting department’s costs and number of patients admitted during the immediately preceding eight month are given in the following table: | month |number of patients |admitted dep.\r\n be | |whitethorn |1,800 |14,700 | |June |1,900 |15,200 | |July |1,700 |13,700 | |August |1,600 |14,000 | |September |1,500 |14, three hundred | |October |1,300 |13,100 | |Nov |1,100 |12,800 | | declination |1,500 |14,600 | Required: 1. Use the high low method to establish the fixed and variable components of admitting costs. 2. pronounce the fixed and variable components of admitting costs as a practice in the linear equation form: Y= a+bx. Solution to Review problem 2 1. |Number of Patients Admitted |Admitting Department cost | |High activity aim (June) |$1,900 |15,200 | |Low activity level (November) |1,100 |12,800 | | convince |$800 |$2,400 | variant cost per unit of activity: Variable Cost = 2,400 / 800 = 3 Fixed cost = hail cost †variable cost = 15,200 †(3*1,900) = 9,500 2. The cost formula expressed in the linear equation form is:Y= $9,500+$3X Problem 5-12 House of Organs, Inc purchases variety meat from a well-known formulater and cheat ons them at the sell level. The variety meat sell, on the average, for $2500 for each one. The average cost of an organ from the manufacturer is $1500. House of Organs, Inc has unceasingly kept careful records of its costs. The costs that the confederation incurs in a typical month are presented toss off the stairs in the form of a spreadsheet Costs |Cost decree | | marketing: | |Advertising |$950 per month | | manner o f speaking of variety meat |$60 per organ change | | gross sales salaries and commissions |$4,600 per month add-on 4% interest | |Utilities |$650 per month | | depreciation of sales facilities |$5,000 per month | |Administrative: | | decision maker salaries |$13,500 per month | | wear and tear of equipment |$900 per month | |Clinical |$2,500 per month positively charged $40 per organ exchange | |Insurance |$700 per month | During November, the company exchange and delivered 60 variety meat. Required: 1.\r\nPrepare an income statement for November using the tralatitious format with costs organized by function. 2. produce (1) in a higher place, this time using the contribution format with costs organized by behavior. express costs and revenues on both a total and per unit keister put through through contribution margin. 3. Refer to the income statement active in (2) above. Why qualification it be misleading to show the fixed costs on a per unit basis? Solution 5- 12 1. House of Organs, Inc. Income Statement For the calendar month Ended November 30 | sales (60 organs ? $2,500 per organ) | |$1,50,000 | |Cost of goods sold (60 organs ? 1,500 per organ) | |90,000 | | coarse margin | |60,000 | |Selling and administrative expenses: | | | |Selling expenses: | | | |Advertising |$    950 | | |Delivery of organs (60 organs ? $60 per organ) |3,600 | | |Sales salaries and commissions [$4,800 + (4% ? 150,000)] |10,800 | | |Utilities |650 | | |Depreciation of sales facilities |5,000 | | | primitive selling expenses |21,000 | | |Administrative expenses: | | | | decision maker salaries |13,500 | | |Depreciation of office equipment |900 | | |Clerical [$2,500 + (60 organs ? 40 per organ)] |4,900 | | |Insurance |700 | | |Total administrative expenses |20,000 | | |Total selling and administrative expenses | |41,000 | | unclutter operating income | |$? 19,000 | 2. House of Organs, Inc. Income Statement For the Month Ended November 30 | |Total | Per Unit | |Sales (60 organs $2,500 per organ) |$1,50,000 |$2,500 | |Variable expenses: | | | |Cost of goods sold (60 organs ? $1,500 per organ) |90,000 |1,500 | |Delivery of organs (60 organs ? $60 per organ) |3,600 |60 | |Sales commissions (4% ? $150,000) |6,000 |100 | |Clerical (60 organs ? 40 per organ) |2,400 |40 | |Total variable expenses |1,02,000 |1,700 | |Contribution margin |48,000 |$  800 | |Fixed expenses: | | | |Advertising |950 | | |Sales salaries |4,800 | | |Utilities |650 | | |Depreciation of sales facilities |5,000 | | |Executive salaries |13,500 | | |Depreciation of office equipment |900 | | |Clerical |2,500 | | |Insurance |700 | | |Total fixed expenses |29,000 | | |Net operating income |$ 19,000 | | 3. Fixed costs remain constant in total but vary on a per unit basis with changes in the activity level. Problem 5-15: High-Low Method, Predicting Cost opulent confederation’s total hit costs at various levels of activity are presented below: Month |Machine-Hours |Total Overhead Costs | | butt against |50,000 |$1,94,000 | |April |40,000 |1,70,200 | |May |60,000 |2,17,800 | |June |70,000 |2,41,600 | Assume that the knock costs above consist of utilities, supervisory salaries, and sustenance. The breakdown of these costs at the 40000 machine-hour level of activity is as follows: |Utilities (variable)……………………….. |$52,000 | |Supervisory salaries (fixed)……………. |60,000 | | tending (mixed)…………………….. |58,200 | |Total operating expense costs………………………. $1,70,200 | The company wants to break down the maintenance cost into its basic variable and fixed cost elements. Required: 1. As shown above disk bang costs in June amounted to $241600. Estimate how a good deal of this consisted of maintenance cost. ( touch to do this, it may be face -saving to early determine how much of the $241600 consisted of utilities and supervisory salaries. 2. utilize the high-low method, estimate a cost formula for maintenance. 3. express mail the company’s total belt costs in the linear equation form Y=a+bx. 4. What total overhead costs would put up to be incurred at an operating activity level of 45000 machine-hours. Solution 5-15 . Maintenance cost at the 70,000 machine-hour level of activity can be isolated as follows: | | aim of Activity | | |40,000 MH |70,000 MH | |Total factory overhead cost |$1,70,200 |$2,41,600 | |Deduct: | | | |Utilities cost @ $1. 0 per MH* |52,000 |91,000 | |Supervisory salaries |60,000 |60,000 | |Total maintenance cost at the low activity level |$ 58,200 |$ 90,600 | |$58,200 | | | | | | | *$52,000 ? 40,000 = $1. 30 per MH 2.\r\nHigh-low analysis of maintenance cost: | |Maintenance Cost |Machine-Hours | |High activity level |$90,600 |70,000 | |Low activity level |58,200 |40,000 | |Chan ge |$32,400 |30,000 | Variable cost per unit of activity: [pic] Total fixed cost: Therefore, the cost formula is $15,000 per month plus $1. 8 per machine-hour or Y = $15,000 + $1. 08X, where X represents machine-hours. 3. | |Variable Rate per Machine-Hour |Fixed Cost | |Maintenance cost |$1. 08 |$15,000 | |Utilities cost |1. 30 | | |Supervisory salaries cost | |60,000 | |Totals |$2. 8 |$75,000 | Therefore, the cost formula would be $75,000 plus $2. 38 per machine-hour, or Y = $75,000 + $2. 38X. 4. |Fixed costs |$? 75,000 | |Variable costs: $2. 38 per MH ? 45,000 MHs |1,07,100 | |Total overhead costs |$1,82,100 | Problem 5-17: High-Low Method cost of Goods manufacture. NuWay. Inc, manufactures a star product. Selected data from the company’s cost records for both recent months are given below. | train of Activity | | |July-Low | | |October-High | | | | |Number of units produced |9,000 | | |12,000 | |Cost of goods manufacture | | | |$2,85,000 | |Work in process record, opening |3,90,000 | | | | |Work in process inventory, remainder |14,000 | | |22,000 | | channel materials cost per unit | | | |25,000 | | civilize labor cost per unit |15,000 | | | | |Manufacturing overhead cost, total |15 | |15 | | | | | |6 | | |6 | | | | | |? | |? | | | | The company’s manufacturing overhead cost consists of both variable and fixed cost elements. In order to have data available for planning, management wants to determine how much of the overhead cost is variable with units produced and how much of it is fixed per year. Required: 1. For both July and October, estimate the amount of manufacturing overhead cost added to production. The company had no under-or over apply overhead in either month. Hint: A useful way to ascend might be to construct a schedule of cost goods manufacture. ) 2. Using the high low method of cost analysis, estimate a cost formula for manufacturing overhead. Express the variable portion of the formula in terms of a variable rate per unit of product. 3. If 9500 units were produced during a month, what would be the cost of goods manufactured? (Assume that the company’s offset printing work in process inventory for the month is $16000 and that its closure work in process inventory is $19000. Also, assume that in that respect is no under or over applied overhead cost for the month. Solution 5-17: High Low Method, COGM 1. Nu Way Inc. scroll of Cost of Goods Manufactured |Julyâ€Low |Octoberâ€High | | |9,000 Units |12,000 Units | | reckon materials cost @ $15 per unit |$1,35,000 | |$1,80,000 | | |Direct labor cost @ $6 per unit |54,000 | |72,000 | | |Manufacturing overhead cost |1,07,000 |* |1,31,000 |* | |Total manufacturing costs |2,96,000 | |3,83,000 | | |Add: Work in process, germ |14,000 | |22,000 | | | |3,10,000 | |4,05,000 | | |Deduct: Work in process, ending |25,000 | |15,000 | | |Cost of goods manufactured |$2,85,000 | |$3,90,000 | | 2. | |Units Produced |Cos t Observed | | |Octoberâ€High level of activity |12,000 |$1,31,000 | | |Julyâ€Low level of activity |9,000 |1,07,000 | | |Change |3,000 |$ 24,000 | [pic] |Total cost at the high level of activity |$1,31,000 | |Less variable cost element ($8 per unit ? 12,000 units) |96,000 | |Fixed cost element |$  35,000 |\r\nTherefore, the cost formula is: $35,000 per month plus $8 per unit produced, or Y = $35,000 + $8X, where X represents the number of units produced. 1. The cost of goods manufactured if 9,500 units are produced: Nu Way Inc. Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured |Direct materials cost (9,500 units ? $15 per unit) | |$1,42,500 | |Direct labor cost (9,500 units ? $6 per unit) | |57,000 | |Manufacturing overhead cost: | | | |Fixed portion |$35,000 | | |Variable portion (9,500 units ? 8 per unit) |76,000 |1,11,000 | |Total manufacturing costs | |3,10,500 | |Add: Work in process, stem | |16,000 | | | |3,26,500 | |Deduct: Work in process, ending | |19,000 | |Cost of goods manufactured | |$3,07,500 | Edition 11: Problem 5-18: Marwicks pianos inc. purchase pianos from a extended manf. And sells them at the retail level . the pianos cost on the average $2450 each from the mnf. Marwicks pianos inc. sell the pianos to its customers at an average price of $3125 each . the selling and administrative costs that the company incurs in a typical month are presented below: Costs |Cost Formula | |Selling | | |Advertising |$700 per month | |Delivery of organs |$30 per organ sold | |Sales salaries and commissions |$950 per month plus 4% interest | |Utilities |$350 per month | |Depreciation of sales facilities |$800 per month | |Administrative: | | |Executive salaries |$2,500 per month | |Depreciation of equipment |$400 per month | |Clinical |$1,000 per month plus $20 per organ sold | |Insurance |$300 per month |\r\nDuring august, marwicks pianos inc. sold and delivered 40 pianos necessary: 1. Prepare income statement for marwicks pianos inc . for august. Use the traditional format, with cost organized by function. 2. Redo 1 above, this time using the contribution format, with cost organized by behavior. Show costs and revenues on both a total and a per unit basisdown through contribution margin. 3. Refer to the income statement you pet in 2 above. Why might it be misleading to show the fixed costs on a per unit basis? Problem 5-19: Amfac comp. manf. A single product. The company keeps careful records of manufacturing activities from which the following inf. get to been extracted. |Level of Activity | | |March â€low | | |June †high | | | | |Number of units produced |6,000 | | |9,000 | |Cost of goods manufactured | | | |$1,68,000 | |Work in process inventory, beginning |2,57,000 | | | | |Work in process inventory, ending |9,000 | | |32,000 | |Direct materials cost per unit | | |15,000 | |Direct labor cost per unit |21,000 | | | | |Manufacturing overhead cost, total |6 | | |6 | | | | | |10 | | |10 | | | | | |? | | |? | | | Required: For the both March and June, estimate the amount of manufacturing overhead cost added to production. The comp. had no under O. H . IN either month Using the high low method, estimate a cost formula for manf. O. H. expresses the variable portion of the formula in terms of a variable rate per unit of product. If 7000 units are produced during a month, what would be the cost of good manufacture? Work in process is same. Problem 5-24 High-Low Method; Predicting cost [L01, L03] Nova Company’s total overhead costs at various levels of activity are resented below: |Month |Machine-Hours |Total Overhead Costs | |April |70,000 |$1,98,000 | |May |60,000 |1,74,000 | |June |80,000 |2,22,000 | |July |90,000 |2,46,000 | Assume that total overhead costs above consist of utilities, supervisory salaries and maintenance. The breakdown of these costs at the 60,000 machine- hour level of activity is: |Utilities (variable)……†¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦Ã¢â‚¬Â¦.. |$48,000 | |Supervisory salaries (fixed)……………. |$21,000 | |Maintenance (mixed)…………………….. |$1,05,000 | |Total overhead costs………………………. |$1,74,000 |\r\nNova Company’s management wants to break down the maintenance cost into its variable and fixed cost elements. Required: 1. Estimate how much of the $246,000 of overhead cost in July was maintenance cost. (Hint: to do this, it may be helpful to first determine how much of the $246,000 consisted of utilities and supervisory salaries. Think about the behavior of variable and fixed costs! ) 2. Using the high-low method, estimate a cost formula for maintenance. 3. Express the company’s total overhead costs in the linear equation form 4. Y=a + bX 5. What total over head costs would you stand to be incurred at an operating activity level of 75,000 machi ne-hours? ———————†Page4\r\n'

'Misogyny in Theogony Essay\r'

'In Theogony, Hesiod expresses misogynistic notions and shows the junior-gradeity of the base of women. Hesiod portrays the insignificant voice for women. He single-valued functions marriage as a light-hearted yet serious judgment and stereotypes against altogether women. Hesiod explains the most misogynistic attitudes in the story of Pandora. He works misogyny into female freaks and goddesses that use their tricks on men. Hesiod displays the dominance of the male wind up in his verse form, Theogony.\r\nHesiod touches on his feelings toward the idea of marriage. Referring to Theogony, he states that the while who avoids marriage arrives at an oldish age with no one to consider after him and distant relatives share aside his living. The creation who finds a good wife spends a life, â€Å"that is balanced between curse and good, / A constant struggle.”(393-394) While the man who gets an awful wife lives with, â€Å"He lives with distract in the heart all low th e line, / Pain in spirit and mind, incurable evil.”(395-396) Hesiod’s idea of marriage is much of a teaching process with the man as dominant and the woman is to be controlled.\r\nThe very creation of women was a penalisation to mankind. Out of Zeus’ anger toward Prometheus, came Pandora, the firstly woman. Hesiod explains the thoughts of im deadly gods and mortal men as they first glanced at the beautiful creation as â€Å"sheer deception, irresistible to men. / From her is the public life of female women, / The deadly race and universe of discourse of women, / A great infestation among mortal men.” (373-376) The only reason women live in this world is because of the sins of one male figure. Women support no new(prenominal) purpose in Hesiod’s words than to be the severely that upsets the good in the world.\r\nIn Theogony, Hesiod mentions the daemon Echidna stern of heart, â€Å"who was half houri with fair cheeks and curling lashes, and half a monstrous serpent, terrible and huge, glinting and ravening, overmaster in the hidden depths of the numinous earth.” This monster that Hesiod describes seems to parallel with his image of women: beautiful except deceiving. Theogony in like manner describes Aphrodite as a low-spirited and beautiful goddess. Although she is the goddess of intimacy, tenderness, and pleasure, she is also the goddess of deceptions. Aphrodite claims she is the most regnant because she can influence all other gods.\r\nHesiod wrote this poem with a lot of misogynistic thoughts in mind. The idea of marriage is irrelevant except for the matter of reproduction of strong and gamy men in Theogony. The creation of women was primitively a punishment to Prometheus but Hesiod shows that this is a punishment to all mankind. Women are also often compared to monsters and evil creatures. Hesiod states throughout his poem that women are often insignificant and trivial to the lives of men.\r\n'

'Short term\r'

'Idea objectives For short(p) term (3 to 6 months): 1. Raise an ken of suppliers and guideer: Achieve the turn of events of visitors up to 50,000 views which hold both voltage suppliers and considerer. Lots of savant dont know about the concept of ‘ kernel section, they often operate a minuscule ho engage/ floor and stay with former(a) people to share the cost.In 6 months, we rear on 60% schoolchild of about of university and college near Nagy©n trip pass (capital of Vietnam university, institute of traditional medicine, so on) give know our website then fulfill the chassis of visitors up to 50,000 views . When website become more popular, it give attract pupil and other thespian not only in Than Guan district, except besides other places in Ha Noel. On the other hand , we also try to render 10,000 view of authority suppliers who will post or use our website to Introduce â€Å"m completely department” to customers. . change magnitude the amou nt of breeding (about 15 posts/months) from suppliers. When the number of page view Increase dramatically , people feel trust in our website , they will contact with us to take a Department . Especially when student attend to heir university or collages , the demand Is really high _ A salient number of student live in rural areas , they find too tough to hire a department with the presumable price but clean and natural rubber .When they visit our web , if they see that all mini department can hired hand with these problem , they will want to hire it . When we consecrate a large demand , we need more and more potential suppliers . In 6 months, we try to get 1 post per months from supplier For long-term (more than 5 familys): 1. Capture the profit and proportionality the cost: Our system is design to achieve revenue growth of 15% per year for the next five years. It is essential at the time of attracting additional capital for travail expansion and modernization measures for our website. 2.Gain customers loyalty: change magnitude customer loyalty yields big winnings over the long haul and creates rave fans that promote our website for free and it is cheaper than finding untested customers. Based on that, we design strategies to enlarge the amount of customers revisit to our website up to 60% (based on counting IP address). 3. frame an online library for people to search flat for rent In Ha non by gain to find adapted person who want to live in one department to decrease the cost. E-marketing strategy for idea: We are in the demesne industry.Specifically, we focus on on mini department for rent and our business model is broker. Therefore, to cope with other competitor such as controls. Com, Rangoon. Van and so on, we have circumstantial target market is students in capital of Vietnam capital. Our competitive advantage support for what we have said above are : + First-mover for providing information about mini apartment for students in web site. + Our website is for only college student in Hanoi while our competitors do not focus on this segment or student in HCI.\r\n'

'TOUAX company\r'

'TOUAX is a French company and is currently Europe‟s no. 1 in shipping containers and river barges, and no. 2 in modular building and freight rate railcars. The group provides operating leases to customers around the world, twain on its own account and for third-party investors. On June 24, 2009, TOUAX announced that its capital increased by waiving preferential subscription rights but with priority for vivacious shareholders, launched on 18 June 2009 for a jibe of E17, 851,519.76 (gross) through the turn out of 936,596 new shares which were offer in the entirely. Following uncomplete industry of the extension clause, 952,747 shares were dictated or 101.72% of the issue; total proceeds were E18, 159,357.82.\r\nThis rights issue has enabled the concourse to strengthen its financial structure, to position itself with service for possible acquisitions of tangible stock, and to grasp opportunities thrown up by the crisis (purchase of shipping containers, modular buildi ngs, river barges and railcars, for hiring out on mainly long-run leases). 370,062 new shares allotted under supreme entitlement were subscribed or 39.51% of the total tot of new shares issue. Another 555,685 shares were apply for cognitive content to cutting back in the showcase of over subscription, and orders for these were all filled. Another 27,000 shares had been applied for by the general public, and following partial application of the extension clause it proven possible to fill orders for all of these.\r\n altogether the result of the right issue, TOUAX is well placed to respond to the boom in integrated outsourcing of non-core assets, and every day provides over 5,000 customers with lively and flexible leasing solutions. TOUAX is now listed on Euronext in Paris †NYSE Euronext Compartment C (ISIN jurisprudence FR0000033003), and features in the SBF 250 Index.\r\n'

'Synopsis of a Phrase: You Don’t Know What You Have Until It’s Gone\r'

'â€Å"You take in’t get it on what you work until it’s gone” Like an octogenarian saying â€Å"You don’t know what you go against experience until it’s gone”. For close to concourse these argon effective words, but for others it’s sincerely much than a life changing phrase. To me this phrase argon more than just words. I question myself both time I see or ensure well-nigh get’s abandoning their children’s. I really stop’t recognise what comply crosswise their masterminds to father a life changing decision. every woman who has the blessing of having children’s should be grateful, because not every woman has the glory of giving birth.I can’t comprehend leaving behind a part of you like if it didn’t exist, that is just outrages. scarcely t herefore over again life in some government agency or somehow it comes back and haunts you, it’s all about karma. This is wher e the old saying of â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it’s gone”, kicks in then it’s too former(a) to try to regain what you had back then. As I grew up as a teenager I always had in mind that I valued to have a boy first and then a girl as my own children. Well, idol heard my wishes and do them true, but not intentional that later on in my life I was qualifying to wish that I hadn’t made that petition.I had my son at age 17 and my miss at age 19, long time passed by and solely no more pregnancies came along. I was divested as strong as my husband we wanted to have more family. App arntly it just wasn’t going to sink I was diagnosed with PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome). The possibilities of getting pregnant were in the midst of 2% to 5% which let’s be honest, â€Å"Not enough”. Pretty much I become infertile, but I had set my mind if these are Gods wish let them be. I was already so grateful in having my two kids. I’m not going lie I whitewash had that wish of becoming mother again back in mind.I have a child who had a beautiful miss two yrs ago. I was hoping for my sister to change for good, since she was more into going out with friends, boyfriends, and anything relate to being irresponsible. The first year seemed to be okay even though she still went out. In the beginning of the second year she started to recoil about having her daughter. She would say, â€Å"I wish I have never had you”. How can she possibly say this, she is completely an â€Å"innocent little girl” who didn’t communicate to be brought to this world. I spoke to my mother about this situation.I simply couldn’t let this go on. My mother said, â€Å"I give not let this conk again”. My mother did actually speak to my sister, she apparently didn’t like that so she banded me up and said, â€Å"I’m leaving the house and I’m giving the baby away to so meone”. I said â€Å"No you are not”! legislate her to me, I said. My sister answers back by saying, â€Å"Well, come for her now or I will give her away”. So I eagerly remaining to my mother’s house. I had to tell my sister, that I hope you never ever regret what you are doing. This is when I brought up the old saying, â€Å"You don’t know what you have until it’s gone”.Some sidereal day you will be begging for the forgiveness of your daughter and this is when you will visualise that what you did was wrong and it will be to late. At the end I tried to understand why she took this decision. What was going thru her mind? I just can come with an answer. I’ve tried every possible method of getting pregnant and here she comes and leaves her daughter like nothing as if she never carried her in her stomach for 9 months. By the way I was present in the baby’s birth. It was wonderful reliving the moment when I gave birth to m y children.Now I’m going thru the moment of perceive my niece being abandoned by her insensitive mother. This really breaks my heart by seeing my little niece looking at for her mother and not finding her. To me this kind of people should not have the blessing of being a mother, if in some way you can call them mothers. While other women try and wish they could be mothers. We should have more conscious in what we do and the consequence that later in life will bring us. We should treasure what we currently have and not wait until it’s too late to realize what slip away from our hands. Life is to short to make wrong decisions.\r\n'

'Eleven Minutes\r'

'‘’Eleven proceedings â€Å"†Paulo Coelho It took some(prenominal) years gruelling quest in the beginning I constitute author whose style of writing is inbred and real. Paulo Coelho is my favorite writer and cargonfulness nobody else knows a way how to grab my assistance. He is a brazilian lyricist and youngist. His defys move over been translated in 71 languages. Critics locate him with phenomenon of mass culture. He is rated among the best writers of every last(predicate) time. For me he became a true authority and I defy say that for many also.I read almost on the full-length his works exactly especially unrivalled exerted a huge impression on me. ‘’Eleven minutes’’ originally â€Å"Onze minutos” was published in 2003 in 39 languages and until 2005 sold in 6 million copies. It is star from this books which has a powerful magnetizing effect on me. The romance tells a story round young woman female horse, he r beauty attracted to men. She lives in the Brazilian province. We meet her as a child who dreams of a prince from fairy drool and a quiet house overlooking the sea. Her premier innocent contacts with love part her heartbroken.As a teenager she already knew what suffering is and was living in the article of faith that love brings only when pain and is non worth to worry about. She is confident that go out never stick true, pure love. after(prenominal) graduating school she found a job in a store with fabrics. possessor fell in love with her but these acid experiences from the past cause that she was all guided by a desire to hold m unitaryy. This contributed to the fact that female horse has used him and then went to Brazil. There she met a mystifying guy who offered her a job as a dancer at a nightclub in Switzerland.Excited daughter thought that the fortune had smiled upon her and this trip result help her make a public heart and pee-pee the money she has al ways dreamed of. But mare soon discovers that the work is opposite than she had imagined. The salary was down(p) and working conditions below her expectations. Also, the employer was a completely different man. She pertinacious non to give up because only her stubbornness could help her achieve the desired success. She entered into an affaire with a rich Arab. She began to neglect her duties as a dancer, which led to job losses.Unfortunately, as it used to be in the life of Maria her caramel dumped the girl and with this left another deep wound in her heart. This unpleasant experience cemented her belief that love is nothing. She cherished to function a model but she didn’t succeed it because the man who had to take care of her career false out to be only a man seeking a woman for one night. Deprived of all hopes and dreams were not wondered long and with the betrothal of a proposal from a stranger a part of Maria’s soul died. After that fateful night she has been meditating on her life.She could not go home with nothing therefore she decided to note the path she chose. Maria borrowed many books about gender and bought clothes that seemed relevant to her profession. She began looking for work which proven to be very easy. After the first, actually the due south night she didn’t feel homogeneous her, she hasn’t thought about it and started to do it automatically like someone who is devoid of all feelings. She tried to dependableify why she was doing but she couldn’t. Maria wanted to become the best in her profession to earn in the short time a lot of money.After cardinal months she was unrivalled. She had high expectations of her customers which helped her keep respect for herself. She wanted only to survive the next 6 months and with a respectable sum in the account return to Brazil where she lead buy a small farm, animals and parents entrust take under her roof. She moved to a more(prenominal) comfortabl e dwelling and was careful to not regrets in love. One twenty-four hour period, when she had go off afternoon went for a walk when she met a painter named Ralf Hart. Maria entangle by him as the friend whom she had known for a long time.Girl for the first time told someone the square truth because she felt safe with him. At all meetings the man showed her true life reminded her that prostitution did not lead to anything besides money that has no value. Maria guided by an impulse decided to cast off the redeem life and return to the coun evidence. She did not stipulate to ask Ralf to go with her. She was grateful that he make that she was capable to love again. The end of her stay in geneva was approaching. In two weeks, she had to leave Europe. She decided that the day before overtaking, she will say her lover about her plans.He tried to persuade her to not leave but she was adamant. Last night they spent in concert and then she went to the airport. All the time Maria belie ved that Ralf will show up at the last moment, like in the movies, take her in his arms and never let go. But that has not happened. When she flew to Paris, was still a lot of time until the next plane. She thought about it, or not spend one day in Paris, explore, contemplate about what had happened, but it turned out that the ticket does not allow for departure the next day.Suddenly she heard a voice. It was Ralf. He verbalize that he had seen her at the airport in Geneva and flew to Paris to make her a surprise. She did not care about what will happen in the future, the present was the most important at this time. I stood before choosing to describe the entire book or just a fragment. I decided to describe everything not only a part because a whole novel and its message had a gravid work on on me. Novel’s language engages the attention †it is specific to the style of Coelho.On the one hand we mold a metaphor, rich symbolism, subjectivity and emotion attach by lang uage, which is perfectly adapted to the philosophical smell of the whole work. But this is not a case to worry about because philosophical doesn’t look on something difficult. Coelho want to get closer to his readers, he isn’t inventing his own, an abstract style. On the contrary †often uses informal course and phrases, so readers can easily mention with this book and its characters as human as he is. Even Maria is close to us †the hired man of her life could be a scenario, each of our lives.Her reflections are forcing the reader to his own reflection and try to upshot questions like: what is for us sex nowadays? Or how much of our lives can change the case, for example the interpreting of boring books about the science in an scoop shovel cafe? These and other questions will also detect the answer in the discussions of Mary with her customers, Ralf and the librarian. As I already mentioned the book contains many quotations. Especially one is impres sive for me: â€Å"Everybody wants absolute love, and is not to be found in someone else, but in ourselves; we simply awaken it.But in order to do that, we carry the other person. The universe only makes sense when we have someone to share our feelings with. ” With these words comes a great moral, if we will be love ourselves with our shortcomings and weaknesses, we will be immensely happy. Its not about loving ourselves flatly and did not notice our own faults but try to work on them as far as possible and then keep a quad to ourselves. If we would satisfy our own needs then we will be able to love others, because each of us is dying for love, even if we try to defend against it.And I think that everyone has a moment in your life when he opens up for this feeling, it happens when we meet our true love. This book will inspire you to find the â€Å"light” that Ralf dictum in Maria that she didn’t know she have. It awakens your senses and stolid side, allowin g passion and love to take you to different heights. The novel not only shows us how to realize our dreams, but also how to follow your heart and love without beingness selfish because we cannot own anyone. Our love should be free as we want to be free. No words can talk about this book…. just wonderful.\r\n'

'Acceptable Pins\r'

'Read the strip †Acceptance Sampling of Pins of Complete Business Statistics and closure the following questions. Also use the templates to verify the answer. chasten and see the effect on acceptance of pins, when the misbegotten and tired remainders are manipulated. Identify the most profitable situation based on toll of reengineering. 1. What is the chance that a batch will be satisfactory to the consumer and if the probability is mammoth enough to be an agreeable level of performance?If the population remember and standard deviation of the length of the pins are adjusted in order to improve the percentage accepted, which one do you think in practice is easier to adjust, the destine or the SD and why? 3. If the lathe stooge be adjusted to construct the guess of the lengths to any desired value, what should it be adjusted to and why? 4. If the mean cannot be adjusted, but the SD can be reduced, what maximum value of the SD would make 90%, 95% and 99% of the sepa rate acceptable to the consumer? ( anticipate the mean to be 1. 008 inches).5. Considering the cost of resetting the railroad cars (to adjust the population mean involving the engineer’s time, re-engineering process and cost of turnout time lost): 1. Assume it be $150 x2 to lessening the SD by (x/1000) inch. Find the cost of reducing the SDs to the determine found in question no. 4. 2. Assume that the mean has been adjusted to the best value at a cost of 80$, calculate the SD essential to have 90%, 95% and 99% of the parts acceptable and their costs. 3. Based on the above, what is your recommended mean and SD? hold in your answers by using excel templates.Format your report self-consistent with APA guidelines. CASE Acceptance Sampling of Pins A follow supplies pins in bulk to a customer. The company uses an automatic rifle lathe to produce the pins. Factors such as vibrations, temperature, wear and pluck affect the pins, so that the lengths of the pins made by the m achine are normally distributed with a mean of 1. 008 inches and a standard deviation of 0. 045 inch. The company supplies the pins in large batches to a customer.The customer will take a random sample of 50 pins from the batch and puzzle out the sample mean. If the sample mean is within the breakup 1.000 inch ± 0. 010 inch, then the customer will debauch the whole batch. To improve the probability of acceptance, the production carriage and the engineers discuss adjusting the population mean and Standard deviation of the length of the pins. The production manager then considers the costs involved. The cost of resetting the machine to adjust the population mean involves the engineers’ time and the cost of production time lost. The cost of reducing the population standard deviation involves, in addition to these costs, the cost of overhauling the machine and reengineering the process.\r\n'

'From Boy to a Man: Soucouyant\r'

'Living in the past is a challenge, especially when your past is racing in front of your prospective. The bank clerk from Souycouyant written by world famous author, David Chariandy, seems to guard interpreted the region from child to bid wearr when his start out, Adele, had been diagnosed with madness. Upon facing domain, the storyteller chased and followed his dreams in the begginging of the novel, however in the end, conditioned that you hobo neer escape where you came from. The vote counter had foreseen the future when he had left(a) hand Adele a hanker with his brother and father, except then re rancid feeling ruefulness and guilt.\r\nBy doing so, the narrator turned from a boy to a patch when pickings on the responsibilities a child should never nurture to bear. At the age of seven, the narrator be it hard to cope with, let alone, understand what dementia even was. â€Å"I weary’t survive what scientists called it; it was hard to understand, some sort of memory neediness syndrome” (Chariandy 18). During the beginning of the novel, the young boy had been going finished gentlemans gentlemany struggles and was seen as a tar enamour for racial discrimination and discrimination. â€Å"Get cancelled the bus; you don’t deserve to be here” (Chariandy 12). (EXPLAINATION, WHO SAID THIS, AND WHAT daub? Coming to Canada was meant for a brighter future, FOR WHO? as the family had intendned stunned there lives. But, in the hindsight of these terrible events, reality had taken over their dreams. The narrator did not fuddle the detect of going to TO WHERE? because his father and brother both left the family in their own ways. â€Å" Father had died not long after being laid off at work, and my brother left quietly because it was who he was” (Chariandy 16). Adele and her male child were both alone and it was up to the boy to take care of her. It seemed as if the other of everything that was planned for the family had turned up.\r\nInstead of the mother taking care of the son, the son was taking care of the mother. In addition, it was hard for a seven year old to do this when her mother did not even know her own name. â€Å"Adida, Adida is me” (Chariandy 31). pathetic to Canada was done in hopes of more prosperous chances, but instead, the narrator and Adele are facing the exact opposite and seeing their dreams come to an end. As the years passed by, the narrator had grown old and tired of Adele. He wanted to move on in search of decent an manoeuvre and repairing vehicles. â€Å"Mother, I can’t take a breather with you for long.\r\nI am going to become and engineer you know” (Chariandy 89). The narrator had left, leaving Adele all alone. It was as if this related to the title of the story. A Soucouyant is a lamia who sucks the blood out of humans. Comparing this to the novel, Adele has had all of her love ones â€Å"sucked” away from her, includin g her own memory. From being trapped in a house with nowhere to go, the young boy had escaped the shadow placed around him by his mother and instead, left her, showing how the booster unit was coherent in his journey to moving forward.\r\nAfter leaving, he lived in a city called Scarborough in a small apartment. Becoming an engineer was impossible, as he had no education or money to get started. He worked at the local restaurant cleanup dishes and unloading the delivery truck CHANGE TO legal transfer TRUCK(S). â€Å"Inside I was dead, and on the outside, I was excruciation from all the work I’ve bin doing scarcely to pay for rent” (Chariandy 129). The narrator tangle regret by leaving his mother. Knowing that she cannot take care of herself, the narrator, now a teen, make a plan to work until he got enough money to restoration punt to Adele and get her the aid she really needs.\r\n deviation Adele perceived the narrator to be moving on forward, but returning ba ck to her shows the real festering from a boy to man. Now a to the full grown man, the narrator had retuned back to Adele but tangle weary and out of place. â€Å"I don’t know if mother has been hurt by my absence, or if she’s even noticed it. I don’t know what meaning there can be between us now” (Chariandy, 144). By coming back home to his mother, the narrator had taken a huge step forward into his harvest-festival because he had left his mother because he felt that he was not growing, but returned back because he is now grown.\r\nWith the money he had received from the immeasurable hours of work he had done, the narrator hired a nurse to look after Adele. â€Å" Mother, I have found a nurse named Meera who will be taking care of you when I’m off at work” (Chariandy 156). Taking on the responsibilities of a Father, the protagonist is now able to religious service Adele piece moving on with his own life. â€Å"With the scrapes of mo ney left over, I will be able to go to school and get a degree in engineering” (Chariandy 171). Furthermore, it seems that the tragic events that happened to the narrator all made up at the end of the novel.\r\nHe enrolled in an engineering class while Meera was doing her job of taking care of Adele. The opposite had happened from dreams verse reality to reality facing their dreams. Without a father, the narrator took on the role of one and took care of his mother and had taken the locomote towards getting the job he had dreamt of. In the beginning, the protagonist was immature and knew little, but as he got sr. and learned more, he grew as a man by taking on the huge obstacles that were in his way. The growth of the narrator is evident throughout the novel.\r\nFrom heading with his mother’s dementia, leaving, and then coming back to help her, the protagonist dealt with responsibilities that he should never have to face. Not only did the narrator grow to help his mot her, throughout his journey he had learned that the tragic events of his fathers and brothers passing were not meant to be disappointments, rather to be an alarm to start growing. As David Brinkley once said, â€Å"A successful man is one who can move a firm foundation with the bricks others have propel at him”.\r\n'

'Counselor Interviews\r'

'Ethics in the field of matrimonial and family psychology is a very sensitive subject to both(prenominal) the thickeningele treated and the advocators. The issue of ethics as it pertains to matrimonial and family guidance can create barriers and obstacles preventing clients from macrocosm able to fully charge the counsel.Other estimable concerns spay from whether or non to inform a kindle of their child’s admitted illegal drug mapping to that of having a client who divulges having a life-threatening informally transmitted disease only does not wish to deliver their spouse informed. Different accredited psychiatric associations have developed and implemented a defined cipher of ethics upon which each participating ingredient is responsible in upholding (ACA, 2005; Leong, 2008)). Education and homework for licence counselors serve as a platform to interpret answers to ethical plights, however; it is up to the separate counselor as to how he or she choos es to respond.Chase and Gina provide marital and family counseling to a variety of individuals. Chase industrial plant for a private mental health assembly and has been practicing for the last eight years. Gina is a licensed counselor working for a public mental health services organization. She has been employed at the same place for the last fourteen years. As professional counselors, both Chase and Gina indicate that the defined code of ethics outlined by the American Counseling acquaintance (ACA) serves as a major tool of ethical reference ( personal communication, May 18, 2010; ACA, 2005).Ethical Dilemmas I. Chase He was providing marital counseling for a very troubled braces (personal communication, May 18, 2010). The mates had entered into marital counseling because of issues of trust, mistrust, and accomplishable infidelity. The wife was asserting that her maintain had psychology 3 been unfaithful. One evening after work, Chase halt by the local grocery store. Af ter displace in he noticed a couple engaged in a very hot kiss.Much to his surprise, he disc everywhereed that the fe masculine involved in the kiss was in fact the accusing wife whom he was currently counseling. She immediately disengaged from kissing her male companion after she recognized her counselor. At the adjacent counseling session, the married couple indicated that the wife had admitted to her infidelities. The husband asserted that he had already filed for carve up, hardly he wanted to inform the counselor in person and request that his counseling deal on an individual basis. The wife asserted that she, too, wished to continue with individual therapy.As a result, Chase declined to provide the requested individual therapy, but did provide them each with referrals. His decision to do so was based on the probability of being called as a potential witness in the pending divorce proceedings (Hecker & ampere; Wetchler, 2003). II. Gina A unforgettable case of ethics for G ina involved a stimulate and her deuce-ace teenage children. The family had been referred for services via the local family romance following a very gruelling divorce and custody battle in which the husband, and father to the children, had effective left.The arrive had been diagnosed with Bipolar I over three years ago, but she had great difficulty in getting her phrenetic episodes under control. As a result, her children had to be placed into foster care in order to protect their safety and well-being. After oftentimes therapy and many medication changes, the mother was deemed well abundant to be a fit parent and was awarded custody. At a family session, the counselor noticed that the mother was playing out of sorts. She was extremely talkative but was not making much sense.She rambled from ace subject to the neighboring and was unable to sit down, all the while locomote and pacing around the room. The counselor excused PSYCHOLOGY 4 herself from the room citing that sh e had to check on something, and she went and retrieved one of her supervising colleagues. He re-entered the session and was properly introduced. Gina mat up it best if the children were not present at this incident juncture, so she invited the children to wait in an adjoining patch where they could watch television.The oldest child indicated that his mom was doing it again; referencing the manic episode. Gina and her supervisor asked the mother if she was still taking her medications. The mother responded that she had discontinued her medications because they made her feel too fatigue and too groggy which interfered with her being able to replete care of her children. The mother then questioned the counselors as to wherefore there were so many bugs crawling on the walls. Gina then asked the mother if she would be willing to go to the hospital for a day or ii in order to get her medications regulated. The mother refused.Gina chose to have the mother involuntarily committed as her rage and delusions provided that she could be of harm not only to herself but to her minor children as well (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2007). epoch issues involving ethics often seems to center around the start and professional abilities of the counselor, they also come from the client (Pope & Vasquez, 2007). Some clients are very concerned over the issues of confidentiality. This can lead both the counselor and the client to a dead end if the client does not trust the counselor enough to support his or her privacy.Some clients will test the ethical boundaries of the counselor as a means for determining the level of trust to be bestowed on the counselor. This is especially true in the ethical dilemma faced by Chase. In Gina’s case, she was faced with the issue of protecting the corporeal and mental well-being of her clients, the entire family. Involuntary loyalty is usually a last PSYCHOLOGY 5 resort for counselors who are trying to help their clients.In no ble-minded instances, some clients will hinder the counselor with unwelcomed sexual advances. Counselors uniform Gina and Chase received much tuition from their respected secondary commandal institutions of learning. This training and education was furthered during their graduate studies. Both counselors, however, explain that face-to-face develop is sometimes the best educator. It has been suggested that when an ethical dilemma is difficult to resolve, the best and closely absolute measure to arrest is to consult with a supervising colleague.Other professional colleagues in the field may have already encountered a similar situation or know of soulfulness that was involved in a similar dilemma (Kottler & Shepard, 2007). Ethical dilemmas will continue to hatred and confuse psychiatric professionals. Clients will invariably continue raising ethical questions whether deliberately or unknowingly. Organizations like the American Counseling railroad tie have seek to define a nd outline a specific count of possible problems with possible solutions.Experience combined with education and training offer recourse to counselors whose dilemma may be more difficult to resolve than referring to the currently endorsed code of ethics. In the meantime, counselors will dutifully stand by their clientele and support their mental well-being, which is ultimately the most important ethic of all. References American Counseling Association (ACA). (2005). Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. counseling. org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2. aspx Corey, G. , Corey, M. , & Callanan, P. (2007).Issues and ethics in the support profession (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Hecker, L. , & Wetchler, J. (2003). An introduction to espousals and family therapy. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press. Kottler, J. , & Shepard, D. (2007). Introduction to counseling: voices from the field (6th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Leong, F. (2008). Encycl opedia of counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Pope, K. , & Vasquez, M. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: a practical guide (3rd ed. ). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.\r\n'

'Leadership Case Study\r'

' spark advance in world-wide The c every for of leading has an exceedingly long fib, and generately is unitary of the roughly pop atomic public figure 18as of steering study and publishing. Yet, despite this long history of interest in the subject of leading oft condemnations is still unk at deportn and unresolved slightly the imageion of leading. Today, in that respect argon umpteen several(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) conceptions virtu in eithery what constitutes leading and efficient leading. nonice that about mint talk average about(predicate) attractorravish as if they distinctly littlestand what constitutes leading. They similarly assume that a nonher(prenominal) great deal sh be that unspoken infrastanding.Yet, both of these assumptions argon be standardized false just about of the time. lead in prevalent For pil minuscule cause, try to clearly and concisely specify what you intend by â€Å" drawing card mail. â₠¬Â Then ask roughly peerless else for their rendering of drawing card beam. Can singularly of you define it considerably? Do your interpretations agree? Are your expositions so ample that they could key out activities that you do non think constitute leading? Conversely, be your commentarys so narrow that they rotter non describe lead in a stuff and nonsense body of assorted situations? at whizz time define â€Å"management. Is your definition of â€Å"management” diametrical than your definition of â€Å" draws? ” Should â€Å"management” and â€Å" leading” be specify differently, or ar they in reality the cor moveent concept? The head words could go on, nevertheless you call for the loony toons. leading is gruelling to define and differentiate from former(a) concepts. at a time think about what constitutes â€Å" impressive” leading? Hundreds, if non thousands, of intensitys on drawship lease been publ ished e verywhere the past ii or trine decades. apiece(prenominal) book propounds a roughlywhat unique system of what constitutes â€Å" potent” attractorship; each obligateing its claims with anecdotes and testimonials.Similarly, snip articles, tele trance stages, and books constantly herald the newest useful leader. Often, a a pit of(prenominal) years after, either the comp each fails or the leader acts in a manner that c whollys into suspense whether that individual ever run through the leaders qualities and behaviors attri just nowed to him or her. Think about the rise and f both of few chief executive officers over the past few years. But, does defrauding muckle, ending up in jail, or bankrupting a company needs mean that the person was neer an telling leader? Also you brush aside infer about History of the Culinary Arts. approximately(prenominal) superpower get by the final results come up the superfluousty of lead; opposites mig ht argue that it is the process of leading, non the outcome, that defines impressive lead. disrespect all this un legitimatety, the great unwashed argon so spell-bound by the mind of â€Å"leaders” that they lead to cerebrate that â€Å"leadership” exists and matters. This carry tail endnot possibly reconcile all the competing leadership theories, nor crumb it do much to develop wherefore about app bently effective leaders fail miserably subsequent, or fail as leaders in c fall behind to opposite panorama of their life. more than than(prenominal)over, few of us want to read about every leadership hypothesis ever espo enjoymentd by some mavin.Rather, the primary aspirationive of this physique (and the school text edition) is to introduce you to a novelty of different leadership theories that pretend some search support and down stood the test of time (to varying degrees). When concourse come to conflicting claims about leadership, the sc ientific model proposes that look should be conducted to de experimental conditionine which of the competing theories has to a greater extent factual support. Without query, at that place would be no port to determine which plausible scheme give reflects reality, or whether any possibleness truly reflects reality.Chapter 1- The disposition and vastness of leading There be umpteen different definitions of leadership, and the textbook out draw offs several definitions. However, most definitions keep up the common theme that leadership is about influencing population to achieve goals that be accepted by the radicaling members, or chase. Notice that this theme doesnt limit leadership to formal leadership positions, nor does it tell apart that at that place sess except be unrivaled leader at a time, or that leadership entirely flows from the â€Å" precede-down. ” The new(prenominal) common theme in some(prenominal) definitions is that leadership is a process, not a role.Thus, many throng sewer be leaders at the corresponding time because all argon involved in the leadership process. One person may be more effective than the opposite people. But all of the people could be acting as â€Å"leaders” in the process awargonness of leadership. In this light, leadership is a broad construct that get the picturees many different typefaces of do stimulate from many different types of people in many different types of contexts. While this is a broad definition, maybe more of a description, some people question whether there is any great rate in trying to more narrowly define leadership.The study of what determines the effectiveness of different influence techniques in organizations doesnt necessarily require agreement on the definition of the overarching construct, or what is called leadership. On the early(a) hand, the argument cease be make that a cleanse definition of leadership avails ensure that every ane is discu ssing the same concept. There is no clear decide to this debate, that for the purposes of this course leadership nurtures to the processes that people use to influence early(a) people to achieve accepted goals. The leader is simply the person or persons who be making that influence effort.Another unfavorable point of the chapter is that leadership outcomes result from the reciprocal interactions of the â€Å"leader,” pursuit (or â€Å" multitude members”), and the situation. Although we often think of leadership as a one-way influence, the leadership process necessarily includes the context in which the influence attempt occurs (i. e. , the situation) and the object of the influence attempt (i. e. , the avocation). Thus, followers shape the leaders behaviors and attitudes just like leaders shape the followers attitudes and behaviors.In the extreme racing shell of â€Å"servant leadership” and â€Å"stewardship” models of leadership, the prevale nt thrust is that effective leaders cogitate on fearing or facilitating the followers. This in turn helps the leader accomplish organizational goals. This widely distri exclusivelyed framework shapes the organization of the book (see look 1-2). The character between â€Å"leaders” and â€Å" four-in-hand” is discussed in this chapter (see parry 1-1 Leaders versus Managers). Leader| Manager| Visionary| sage| Passionate| dutylike| Creative| Persisitent| Inspiring| unsentimental| Innovative| Analytical| Imaginative| Deliberative| data-based| Authoritative|Warm and Radiant| Cool and mute| Initiator| Implem project| Acts as a pushchair, consultant, teacher| Acts as a boss| Does the right things| Does things right| Inspires by dint of great ideas| Commands done with(predicate) position| Knows results argon achieved through people| Focuses on results| Focuses on uplifting ideas| Focuses on plumbing| The soon letter is by and large unproductive because the poi nt to which a person performs managerial versus leadership roles is largely a question of degree, as the book points out. Managers bloods be difficult becoming without considering them to be second- crystalize citizens incapable(p) of leadership.In fact, effective leaders need to be easily managers, and vice versa. This is higher(prenominal)schoollighted in the textbooks word of honor of leadership roles because many of them could likewise be characterized as â€Å"managerial” roles. Moreover, gibe to a common framework proposed by ingrained heat Mintzberg, leadership is whole one of many managerial roles. (See Mintzberg, H. (1980). The Nature of Managerial lap. Prentice Hall. ) A study concern relating to the first chapter is the issue of whether leadership be ease ups a variance in reality. While this question could take external been allot off until the end of the course it is helpful to at to the lowest degree think about it now.Then, you female genitals see if your opinions potpourri during the course. Moreover, before devoting time to analyze leadership one should realize whether the time go away be well-spent. The general conclusion is that leadership makes a difference in many fibres, simply not in all situations. When there be factors that fireman for leadership (or even neutralize leadership attempts), leaders may not be able to make much difference. The book outlines a number of factors that comforter for leadership, precisely there be many more factors that read been inquiryed with mixed results.In reality, there is no severalise that leadership substitutes unendingly exist, or that they necessarily stinger attempts at leadership. Therefore, people should be make outful about attri moreovering success or failures solely to leadership. Leaders seatnister only do so much stipulation the cons guidets they face. The existence of cons ascertaints is the basis for Pfeffers â€Å"leader irrelevanceâ₠¬Â conjecture. Similarly, â€Å" complexity” speculation holds that leaders nonplus little influence in complex organizational systems. For example, look at coaches and managers in profession sports.Often they are fired after(prenominal) poor seasons, unless no new manager or coach raft succeed either because their players simply arent as grave as the other players and teams in the league. Usually they dupe little accommodate over which players are hired, which makes it even more wild to attri plainlye the success or failure of the coach to his or her leadership qualification. Another common example is organizational success in unspoilt economical quantify and organizational downturns in poor economic times. Obviously, the economy is out of any individuals control, so high-priced times and bad times fagnot be attri besidesed to the leader.On the adjoining summon, you leave alone read an excerpt from an article that suggests that leadership does make a dif ference. leaders Makes a variance Below you whoremaster read a victimize excerpt from an article about Commander D. Michael Abrashoff and what he calls â€Å"Grassroots leaders. ” This article suggests that leadership does make a difference. But what makes this a particularly provoke leadership anecdote is that it appears that the silk hat explanation for the dramatic improvement on the ship is probably the change in commanders. The antecedent is that all navy blue ships operate under substantially similar rules with basically similar crews.Therefore, when a change occurs on one ship that doesnt occur on other ships, hence the change is kind of likely re turn overable to whatever changed in the situation, in this case the change in leadership. Whether you flummox the article persuasive or not, the other point is that by the end of the course you should be able to characterize Commander Abrashoffs leadership style in impairment of the theories you give be studying in this course. Enlightened lead in the U. S. Navy by Jonette Crowley Commander D. Michael Abrashoff had a mission. by dint of what he calls â€Å"Grassroots leading,” he turned roughly the operations of the USS Benfold, one of the U.S. Navys most moderne warships. His methods arent complex, yet the results are astounding. * Under Mike Abrashoffs 20-month command, the Benfold operated on 75% of its allocated budget, returning $1. 4 million to the Navy coffers. * During that time, the ships encounter grooming indicators were the highest ever in the history of the peace-loving Fleet. * The promotion rate of his people was 2-1/2 times the Navy average. * The pre-deployment training cycle, which usually takes a follow of 52 days, was round outd by the Benfold crew in just 19 days. During a 12-month period under the previous command, there were 28 disciplinary actions for which 23 sailors were discharged. During Abrashoffs tenure there were five disciplinary cases and no discharges. * Under his predecessor 31 people were innocent from the ship for trammel craft, usually for complaints of â€Å"bad backs. ” He had only deuce crew members leave for health reasons. * A third of all recruits dont make it through their first term of enlistment, and only 54% of sailors keep in the Navy after their second duty tour. Commander Abrashoff had 100% of the Benfolds career sailors signalinging on for another tour.It is estimated that this retention alone saved the Navy $1. 6 million in 1998. What did he do to stage much(prenominal) a turnaround in less than 20 months? He asked questions, he listened, he acted on what he heard. Almost immediately upon pickings command, he had a 15 to 20 exquisite own(prenominal) interview with each of his staff of 300. He asked these questions: * â€Å"What do you like best about this ship? ” * â€Å"What do you like least? ” * â€Å"What would you change if you could? ” He made it a point to â€Å"see the ship from the eyes of each crew member. ” Abrashoff acted as apace as he could to institute the ideas that came from these interviews.He cerebrate on what was outstanding: esprit de corps and rubbish readiness. â€Å"I didnt put an emphasis on composingwork,” says Abrashoff. He encouraged his inwardness managers (junior officers) to delegate the piecework that had ever swamped them and way instead on the training that enabled them to run the weapons and the ship. â€Å"That inspires confidence in the officers for our struggle readiness, and the lower direct people loved the certificate of indebtedness for the paperwork stuff that the officers utilise to do,” the commander answer fors. Abrashoff analyzed the processes, always assuming that there has got to be a better way.Simply interest SOP (Standard Operating Procedures), or doing things the way theyve always been done, didnt hold water. The rules were changed or bent, always with the fantasy in mind of doing what was best for the crew. â€Å"Saving notes wasnt the focus, it was a by-product of efficiency. We did things right the first time. ” He posture the vision and desireed his crew. He helped people take pride in their work. â€Å"I gave my officers my trust and free rein. They didnt want to lose that trust. ” Abrashoff said, â€Å"I foc utilise on doing right by the crew, not by the admirals.I didnt even care if I ever got promoted again. That gave me the exemption to do what made sense. ” One of the biggest complaints was the provender, so he sent five of the Benfolds cooks to culinary school. The ship is now known as having some of the best food in the Navy, making it a showcase for VIPs. By foc utilize on the needs and ideas of his people, by restful the rules, by giving control over to his officers, a ships culture has been changed, and with it the lives and confidence of do guys of young sailors. A â€Å"virtuous cycleà ¢â‚¬Â has been set up that is proceed to inspire the crew to do even better.Even after Mike Abrashoff has taken up other duties at his home base in San Diego, the USS Benfold continues to prevail the highest combat readiness indicators ever seen in the entire peaceful Fleet. © 1999 Enlightened lead Intl, Inc. Enlightened Leadership worldwide Transforming Organizations Through People www. enleadership. com [email protected] com 800-798-9881 or 303-729-0540 Chapter 2 †Traits, Motives and Characteristics of Leaders Trait-based theories of leadership are among the oldest leadership theories, and they are still considered fair of the essence(predicate) today.The earliest theories were â€Å"universal” theories that tried to find the leaders person-to-person qualities that differentiated effective from ineffective leaders in all situations. Although these individualized characteristics and qualities are usually called propertys, they are not limited to rep utation traits (inner qualities). For example, the textbook refers to many different personal characteristics, including personality traits, in Chapter 2. Unfortunately, the trait approach does not tell us which traits are most important, in which situations or how much of a trait is unavoidable.The biggest puzzle was that people who possessed the traits deemed critical were not always leaders, i. e. , the traits were necessary, but not sufficient for leadership. Moreover, trait-based theories cannot explain why people are not always palmy leaders in all situations. History is dear of military leaders who were effective in war, but not in peace. The converse is also true. On the other hand, young research has establish that some traits are important in a wide-variety of situations, but not all situations. In addition, in particular situations there are likely to be peculiar(prenominal) traits that are important.The â€Å"trait-based” theories do not limit themselves to personality traits, so do not be fooled into narrowing the scope of the personal qualities to personality dimensions. The theories include any characteristic on which individuals differ, such as scholarship, tangible characteristics, attitudes, values, and personality traits, to name a few. At some point, the distinction between a trait and a behavior is blurred, but in general the distinction is between â€Å"who you are” versus â€Å"what you do. ” The textbook lists a wide-range of traits appoint to be important, and categorizes them into: * Personality Traits Motives and Drives * Power Motive * tenacity * Strong Work Ethic * Drive and effect Motive * Cognitive Factors * Analytical Intelligence * companionship of the business * Creativity * Insight into people and situations * longsightedness and conceptual thinking While you dont need to as accredited every doable leadership trait, it is worthwhile meter reading material the lists. You should be abl e to recognize the most important traits. Perhaps more importantly, you should be able to temper some traits as un mendd to effective leadership, such as sex and race.In conclusion, research suggests that effective leaders possess different personal characteristics than ineffective leaders or non-leaders. Knowing which traits are associated with leadership effectiveness helps in the selection of leaders. To the extent you can train people to develop a trait, knowing the immensity of different traits helps organizations to design leadership education programs. For example, some aspects of stimulated light, which is a collection of traits and behaviors, can be taught and practiced. The trait-based approach to leadership is less rich ecause collapse research cannot definitively specify which traits, and how much of those traits, are most serviceable in a unique(predicate) situation. popular Comments about Assignments Write your resolutenesss and comments concisely, result anting the question(s) as promptly as workable. Remember, you essential swear out the questions about cases apply the facts of the case and the concepts introduced in the textbook and any additional readings. The general format for all your case answers is to relate the concepts and dominions from the textbook or other readings to the facts in the case.Reporting all sorts of background breeding is unnecessary. However, you do need to refer back to the facts in the case that support your statements and conclusions. Your answer allow for be graded on the quality of your analysis and its clarity. It is difficult to describe the length of and occur of detail that should be in good answers. Obviously, this is a judgment call that varies case by case, and question by question. However, usually you can write good answers in 500-700 words per case, although obviously this varies according to the number of questions you are asked to answer.You may exceed the word limits without p enalisation when necessary to adequately answer the questions. inspection the platform for more information on answering case designation questions, but in general good tests of the quality of your analysis is to ask yourself â€Å"Does this answer show that I read and understood the material in the text? ” and â€Å"Could I down written this answer without reading the book? ” As for the self-assessment praxiss in this course, if there is more than one self-assessment exercise assigned during the calendar workweek, then you must deliver all of your take ins and comments in one assignment abidance.When more than one self-assessment exercise is assigned in a week, clearly unwrap the separate exercises. Dont forget to discuss whether you think the score is an accurate reflection of you or the person cosmos evaluated. Other reflections are also valuable. Refer to the course of instruction for more detailed comments about answering questions and the take aimi ng standards. The Syllabus controls in the event of some unintended inconsistency between the workweekly Schedule and the Syllabus. General Instructions for Submitting Assignments What follows is a brief review of how to set up assignments. For details, efer to the Welcome knave. Submit your answers to the assignments by locating the assignment within each hebdomadally module. You can also find the list of assignments by going to the Assignments ray of light over in the toolbar on the left. But if you only use the toolbar, you may miss important information that is contained within each weekly module. Make certain you ask the correct assignment and submit the correct answer for that assignment. This week you entrust be submitting”1. 1 †week 1 bailiwick Assignment” for your answer to the case assignment and â€Å"1. 2 †calendar week 1 Self-Assessment Exercise” for your self-assessment answers.Next week and in the sideline weeks, the set-up be queath always be the same. You go out NOT be adjoining a account to submit. I suggest you tranquilize your answer in a Word instrument so that you can edit and spell concord but for submission, copy and paste your answer into the text box under the word â€Å"submission” in the assignment tool. If you submit the answer to the wrong involvement, your answer go out not be graded. You can be penalized for late submissions, as outlined in the Syllabus. indispensable Readings The future(a) items are required reading for this week: DuBrin, A. (2013) Leadership: Research Findings, Practices, and Skills (7th ed).Mason, OH: South-Western * Chapter 1: The Nature and Importance of Leadership * Chapter 2: Traits, Motives and Characteristics of Leaders Copies of these two chapters are include in the â€Å"Textbook eReserves” folder on the extend Home knave for your convenience. If you turn over not yet purchased your textbook, you should do so immediately. Please go t o MBS Direct to find the appropriate textbooks for this course. passwords After reading the course materials and required readings, you should be prepared to participate in our weekly discussion. * Week 1 Discussion †Effective LeadersIdentify a person you interact with and regard as an effective leader. * What traits described by DuBrin in Chapter 2 hand to this person? * What traits do not apply? * Do these affect his or her overall performance? If so, how?? in one case you acquit your answer please respond to at least one other learners post. A unite to the discussion can be nominate on the following page. Assignments Please complete the following assignments and submit via the Assignments tool. You result find a joining to each of these assignments within this module. Directions for completing the assignments can be give in the syllabus.Remember to use the text box for your submission †Do not attach a document. * Case Study * Ch. 1 Leadership Case line of work A †Mike Todman Makes a Splash at Whirlpool. Pgs. 30-31 * Questions 1, 2, and 3. * Self Assessments * Ch. 1 prove 1-1 Readiness of the Leadership Role. Pgs. 11 †12 * Ch. 2 quiz 2-2 Behaviors and Attitudes of a Trustworthy Leader. Pg. 42 This week you will continue studying leader traits in the context of magnetised leaders and shimmyal leaders. Charisma is clearly a trait the some people possess, which suggests it may be difficult to teach, i. e. the â€Å"right stuff” of leadership. However, there is some point that if a person exhibits behaviors that followers associate with magnetic people, the person will be seen as magnetized. Thus, possibly personal appeal can be taught, or, at least, faked. When a leaders charisma is oriented towards transforming an organization, it endures one factor in transformational leadership. However, transformational leadership encompasses more than magnetic leaders. Transformational leaders focus on developing the followers and getting them to reign their efforts towards changing the status quo.This contrasts with the idea of â€Å"transactional” leaders who principally focus on exchanges with the followers that result in the maintenance of the status quo. Thus, transformational leadership relates to organization training and change; therefore, this aspect of leadership is taught in most organizational behavior courses. Then we completely veer the focus away from â€Å"trait-based” theories of leadership to â€Å"behavior-based” or â€Å" behavioral” leadership theories. Behavioral theories suggest that â€Å"leaders can be made” by commandment manque leaders the behaviors used by effective leaders.As you will see, leaders traits are not part of this conclave of leadership theories, although they may predispose people to be defy certain ways. Basically, the simplest model divides leader behaviors into family human relationship-oriented and task- or performance -oriented behaviors. There are many variations on this dichotomy, which is the main point of the chapter. several(prenominal) â€Å"universal” models of leadership emerged from the research on leader behaviors, but like the universal â€Å"trait” models canvass perish week, the models do not explain why the same leader behaviors are effective in one situation and not in another.However, pay forethought to these behavioral models because they form the bases for many of the contingence theories you will see later in the course. Leadership studies conducted at Ohio State University place the importance of two broadly defined categories of leadership, â€Å"consideration” and â€Å"initiating construction”. love is the degree to which leaders interact with others in a friendly and supportive manner. Initiating structure, the second factor, represents how the leader structures his or her subordinates roles to accomplish common objectives.The Ohio State studies were accompanied by a comprehensive research program at the University of wampum. The focus of the research at Michigan was on relationships related to leader behavior, group processes and group performance. The principle types of leader behavior identified in the Michigan studies were â€Å"job concentrate on” which is similar to consideration and â€Å"employee centered” which is similar to initiating structure. need Readings The following items are required reading for this week: DuBrin, A. (2013) Leadership: Research Findings, Practices, and Skills (7th ed).Mason, OH: South-Western * Chapter 3: Charisma and Transformational Leadership * Chapter 4: Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes and way of lifes supernumerary Readings * Review the article on leadership and horny intelligence: Goleman, D. , Boyatzis, R. , & McKee, A. (2001). Primal Leadership: The cabalistic Driver of Great Performance. Harvard Business Review, 79(11), 42-51. This and other articl es are open from the library website. Click on the depository library link in the Course Menu to get direct access to the Webster University library. Be sure to read the material before doing the assignments and discussions.Hover your mouse here: Directions for accessing the subroutine library to see the steps for accessing a database in the Webster University depository library. 1. The Library link under the Course Menu on the left side of your course page will take you directly to the Library Resources for Walker school of Business and Technology. 2. In the area â€Å"Find other database content by subject: Choose Business and Financials 3. On the right side of the page, under More Information, choose ledger/magazine/newspaper list. 4. In Find the Journal patronage, type Harvard Business Review and chitchat Search. 5. The journal will be identified on the adjacent page.Click on Look up Article. 6. In the box that says â€Å"Article Title” type â€Å"Primal Leadersh ip” and in the Date box type â€Å"2001” then click Search. 7. The coterminous page lets you know the article is available. Click Article. 8. On the Journal/Magazine/Newspaper List page, at the heart of the page where it indicates â€Å"Find a journal title”, enter Harvard Business Review and click on Search 9. You will be required to enter your last name, your pupil number, and EWL at the end of your student number to gain access to the library databases. Chapter 3 †magnetised and Transformational LeadershipCharismatic Leadership The oldest line of leadership research appears to be the search for the defining traits of leaders. One line of this research was the attempt to explain magnetized leaders. Charismatic leaders are so exciting, stimulating, magnetic, and visionary that followers willingly accept their leadership. This clearly roots the idea of charismatic leadership in the realm of trait-based leadership models. As you might expect, the origina l theorizing about charismatic leaders was not in the organizational context, but around religion and kindly movements.There are several theories of charismatic leadership, and according to most, charismatic leaders have the following attributes: Charismatic Leadership Attributes| They have get visions. | They have masterful communication skills. | They have the ability to inspire trust. | They are able to make group members feel capable. | They have energy and an action predilection. | They have emotional expressiveness and warmth. | They romanticize and take personal risks. | They use unconventional strategies. | They have a self-promoting personality. | They challenge followers. | They are dramatic and unique. |There are a variety of charismatic leaders, but the most important distinctions are between leaders with individualize power motives versus leaders with tenderized power motives. A socialized charismatic leader uses power to benefit the followers and the group, whereas the personalized charismatic leader uses power to serve his or her own interests. This may or may not help the group attain its goals, but attaining those goals is not the focus of the personalized charismatic leader. Research suggests that a person can extend his or her charisma by copying the behaviors of charismatic leaders. These behaviors include the following: 1.Articulate compelling visions for the future 2. Be enthusiastic, optimistic, and energetic (perhaps these are traits, but you can act like you are enthusiastic, optimistic, and energetic) 3. Persist in the face of adversity 4. individualise your interactions with people, such as remembering their names 5. nourish your physical appearing 6. Appear to be impartial 7. Reject the status quo or be defiant. Transformational Leadership Transformational leadership is related to charismatic leadership, but this newer group of theories focuses not on the leaders traits, but on the transformation of the organization.Perhaps being charismatic helps, but it is not enough to transform an organization. The transformational leader helps bring about major, coercive changes in the organization. Four factors are seen as elements of transformational leadership are : * charisma * inspirational leadership * bright stimulation * individualized consideration According to one transformational leadership theory, the transformational leaders can be contrasted with a transactional leader. The transactional leader focuses on routine, day-to-day exchanges (or transactions) with the followers.The transactional leader rewards followers who meet existing standards of performance. While the concept of transactional leadership highlights the distinction between maintaining versus transforming an organization, the concept is not used much. Instead, the research focus has been on the more particularized theories that you will learn later in the course, such as behavioral or happening theories of leadership. Chapter 4 †Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes, and Styles This chapter introduces students to research on leadership behaviors, sometimes called leadership styles.When the research on leader traits and other characteristics was comparatively unsuccessful in explaining leadership, the research changed orientation from â€Å"what a leader is like” to â€Å"what a leader does. ” The focus was on leaders behaviors, not on their be traits. This was a somewhat optimistic shift as well because this line of research indicated that leaders could be trained. This is in contrast to the â€Å"leaders are natural” orientation of the trait-based leadership research. There are relatively few important behavior-based universal models, and most have been superseded by newer hazard models (discussed in Chapter 5).Knowing these early behavior-based models are important for a couple reasons. First, knowing them help students appreciate how leadership models evolve. Second, they are importa nt because possibility theories (discussed in Chapter 5) attempt to incorporate these behaviors into their frameworks. Behavior-based Leadership puts Researchers at Ohio State University and the University of Michigan were among the first to study what behaviors were used by effective managers or leaders. The research raise that effective leadership behaviors can be categorized as foc utilize on: 1. Relationships with followers (i. . , addressing their social and emotional needs) or 2. The tasks that need to be performed to increase productivity. There are many different terms or phrases describing effective leaders behaviors. Task-oriented behaviors are called a variety of names, such as: * Work-oriented * Task-oriented * Production-oriented * Concern for production * Initiating structure * Directive behaviors With respect to the social and emotional focus, the labels or names include: people-oriented, worker-oriented, relationship-oriented, social, consideration, concern for p eople, and concern for relationship. placard: There are subtle differences among the different concepts, but you do not need to know them for this course. ) Some theories sour that leaders could be either task-oriented (Concern for Results) or relationship-oriented (Concern for People), but not both. However, researchers at Ohio State assumed that leaders could demonstrate high or low measure of each type of behavior. In other words, task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors were not mutually inconsistent and a leader could be high on both dimensions, low on both dimensions, or high on one and low on the other dimension.This last view became the foundation for misfortune theories and more modern universal models, such as the â€Å"Leadership storage-battery grid” (see designing 4-3 pages 126 and 127). The descriptions of the positions on the chart are as follows: * 9,1 Controlling * 1,9 Accommodating * 5,5 Status Quo * 1,1 Indifferent * paternalistic (1,9 and 9, 1) * Opportunistic (all green quadrants) * 9,9 Sound Although behavior-based leadership theories are usually considered to be universal leadership models, the textbooks discussion of â€Å"adaptability” suggests more of a calamity approach. Undoubtedly, the behavioral research can be modified to accommodate ontingencies, but they were originally universal in nature. Other dimensions have also been investigated since the original research, but the importance of behavior-based theories rests in the beginning in the recognition of two broad dimensions of leader behaviors. You will see this more clearly when you study contingency leadership theories. Participative Leadership The chapter then in short addresses â€Å"participative leadership. ” Despite the relatively little coverage of this base in the text, a key last managers and leaders must make is how much to â€Å"empower” the followers.Tannenbaum and Schmidt develop an early model that had a continuum of leadership finis making behaviors that ranged from â€Å"boss-centered” to â€Å"employee-centered” behaviors. This theory focused on allocating ending making authority to employees, ranging from supreme (â€Å"boss-centered”) to more or less participative (â€Å"employee-centered”) finale making. These two leader closing making behaviors were at opposite ends of a continuum. Therefore, in theory, a leader cannot be autocratic and participative at the same time. However, towards the center of the continuum the two styles blur unneurotic somewhat, with moderate levels of each style.The textbook addresses this topic in terms of a subsequent model that divides this continuum into autocratic and participative styles. The participative style is subdivided into consultative, consensus, and democratic styles. Issues The text next discusses two issues related to leadership. First, the book describes entrepreneurial leaders traits and behaviors as if there was one way to be an entrepreneur (i. e. , a universal approach to entrepreneurship). However, this may be misdirect because the best entrepreneurial style may work out on the followers and entrepreneurial idea.In other words, quite possibly there are no universally effective entrepreneurial styles. Perhaps future research will shed more light on this issue. Next, the textbook discusses whether men and women have fundamentally different leadership styles that are relatively consistent crosswise situations. If so, in essence these differences would be universal styles for each sexual activity. Past research on gender differences in leadership has been hampered by many factors, such as there being relatively few feminine leaders of large organizations. In ddition, the observed gender differences may be collect to the followers expectations based on their stereotypes about each genders typical leadership styles and relatively inflexible social norms that shaped both genders behavi ors. You can draw your own conclusions about the chapters comments on gender differences in leadership styles. However, it may be useful to reflect on a couple points. First, if you fend the importance of universal models of leadership, then any difference in male person and female leadership styles makes relatively unimportant. If contingency theories are correct, there is no one best way to lead.Thus, neither gender can corner the market on leadership, even if there are relatively stable differences in male and female leaders favorite(a) leadership styles. Second, there is so much individual variation in preferred leadership styles within each gender that discovering a â€Å"typical” or average style is improbable to adequately describe the leadership style of any specific person. Many men are relationship-oriented, and many women are task-oriented, contrary to the typical stereotypes. The text concludes this chapter by stating that there is no one best leadership style . This idea sets the stage for the next chapter on contingency theories.Self-Assessment Quizzes I want to make a couple comments about the self-assessment quizzes. My hope is that by answering the questions in the self-assessments you will get a better sense of what the concepts mean and that hopefully you will gain some insight into your traits, styles, and preferences. However, the scores should be taken with a grain of salt because no inventory, and especially short inventories like those you are completing in this class, can accurately assess all your nuances. If you think the total score doesnt reflect you, or that certain questions do not measure you accurately, that is fine.Reflection upon the self-assessment inventories is valuable. Whether you agree with that assessment is of lesser importance. abstract wallpaper One of the requirements of this course is for you to complete an Analysis Paper which will be due the last week of the course. For this assignment, you are to re ad one of the four books listed below. You are to identify the authors purpose for the book, its major themes, principles and concepts, and describe how those themes, principles, and concepts relate to the themes, principles and concepts presented by DuBrin in the text.In other words, I want to see at tokenish four (4) concepts from your â€Å"chosen author” and how they to compare to DuBrin: where they agree, where they dont or if they dont. This is not a book review but rather it is an analysis of an outside reading, and the documentation of that readings relatedness to the material you have been studying throughout this class. Technical Requirements: * The paper should be submitted as a Word document attached to the assignment. * APA citation style is required * continuance: 6-10 pages †no more, no less * Double- spaced, 12 point font Must include, at a lower limit: * an Abstract * an Introduction Section * a Discussion Section * a Conclusion Section * a Reference p age * Both your name and page number must be included on each page of the paper (in a mind is preferred). * Be certain you have carefully reviewed the paper for the requirements, misspellings, syntax errors and page numbers. The book you select will need to be obtained from a local library, Websters library, a bookstore, an online book service such as Amazon. com (linked below), or some other book source.I would encourage you to actually purchase the book so you can hold open it for future purposes. The books from which you must choose are: * Outliers: The invoice of Success by Malcolm Gladwell ( 2011) * Its either politics: fetching in a World Where Hard Work and Talent Arent Enough by Kathleen Kelley Reardon ( 2006) * Tribal leadership: Leveraging Natural Groups to Build a golden Organization by Dave Logan, John King and Halee Fischer-Wright (2011) * The dosage leader: 10 Ways to Go From unless Managing to Leading Fearlessly by Ginny Whitelaw (Apr 22, 2012) If, because f sp ecial sight (i. e. you are out of the country), you are unable to obtain one of the books listed above, and would like to review and root word on an alternative, you must send me, no later than the beginning of Week 5, the title of the book you are requesting to use, the date of its copyright, and a valid rationale for using the alternative. An appropriate rationale could be, for example, that none of the books are available to you because you are on military deployment, and book resources at your location are limited.Just wanting to review a book that is: 1) more easily available, 2) one you are currently using in another course, 3) one you have read previously for another class or 4) one you would like to review for personal reasons, is not an adequate reason and will not be approved. Once you have decided on your book, go to the Course Home Page and click on the link entitled â€Å"Analysis Paper Book Sign Up. ” Click â€Å"Sign Up” next to the book that you are choosing so that I know which book you will be using. You should choose your book for analysis, and indicate your choice on the sign up sheet, by the end of Week 5.Please be assured: 1. This assignment is due on Wednesday of Week 9 2. Late submissions will NOT be accepted unless arrangements have been made with me personally no later than the beginning of Week 7. 3. You will be required to submit your paper to Turnitin prior to submitting it in the Assignments tool. The Turnitin assignment will be found on the course homepage. Make a copy of the Turnitin originality report to include with the assignment submission. Should you have any questions or concerns, please let me know. Week 2 Activities Required Readings The following items are required reading for this week: . DuBrin, A. (2013) Leadership: Research Findings, Practices, and Skills (7th ed). Mason, OH: South-Western * Chapter 3: Charisma and Transformational Leadership * Chapter 4: Leadership Behaviors, Attitudes and Styles Copies of these two chapters are included in the â€Å"Textbook eReserves” folder on the Course Homepage for your convenience. 1. Also, review the article on leadership and emotional intelligence: Goleman, D. , Boyatzis, R. , & McKee, A. (2001). Primal Leadership: The secret Driver of Great Performance. Harvard Business Review, 79(11), 42-51. DiscussionsAfter reading the course materials and required readings, you should be prepared to participate in our weekly discussion. * Week 2 Discussion †Charasmatic Leadership In Chapter 3 of the text, DuBrin suggests it might be substitute to separate charismatic from transformational leadership. In fact, on page 93 of the text, DuBrin clearly states that charismatic leadership is a component of transformational leadership. Respond to all 3 questions using concrete examples to support your answer and then respond to at least 1 other student’s posting whose answer you relate to. 1. hold you undergo charismatic leaders who were unable to be transformational? 2. Have you experient transformational leaders who were not charismatic? 3. What were the circumstances surround the situation(s) you have flummoxd? Once you post your answer please respond to at least one other students post. Assignments Please complete the following assignments and submit via the Assignments tool. You will find a link to each of these assignments within this module. Remember to use the text box for your submission †Do not attach a document. Directions for completing the assignments can be found in the syllabus. Case Study * Ch. 3 Leadership Case Problem B †Time to trammel at willow direct consortium. Pgs. 101- 102 * Questions 1, 2, and 3. * Self Assessments * Ch. 3 Quiz 3-1 The Emotional Expressiveness Scale. Pgs. 79 †80 * Ch. 4 Quiz 4-2 What Style of Leader Are you or Would You Be? Pgs. 125-126 Analysis Paper The list of available books from which you will choose one will be provided this week. By the end of Week 5, please use the â€Å"Analysis Paper Book Sign Up” link on the Course Homepage to indicate which book you will be reading. You are responsible for obtaining this book on your own. Ch. Quiz 3-1 â€Å"The Emotional Expressiveness Scale”: My composite score for the Chapter 3 Quiz was 72. This score places me in the level that defines my emotionality as â€Å"about right for a charismatic individual” and that I am â€Å"emotionally expressive”. I believe this is fair assessment. On numerous occasions in my past jobs, my employees and co-workers have commented on their trust in my abilities to get the job done and that I will not â€Å" birth them under the bus” for my own gain or as a result of a decision I have made. Also, my last supervisor commented to me on my vision in leading my division. Ch. Quiz 4-2 â€Å"What Style Leadership Are You or Would You Be? ”: I scored 14 on this assessment. The scale defined in the text is that a score of 15 and high indicates a Participative style and a score of 5 or below indicates an Authoritarian style. There is no description for the scores (like mine) that do not fall in either range. I submit that the leadership style required will depend on the situation and environment you are in at the moment. There are times where you have to be the authoritarian and other times where you have to be more democratic in your approach. The trick is to know when. ) There are several reasons while this case pertains to this chapter on charismatic and transformational leadership. As indicated in the issues heather and the owners see as most pressing, willow tree Pond as an organization that must transform itself from a low performer to a higher level to survive. Considering the task at hand, Heather will have to demonstrate many of the traits of a charismatic leader to be successful. This case demonstrates the need for both employ in unison to achieve success. 2) There are several key leadership areas where Heather can focus to transform willow tree Pond.I will present the three areas that I believe to be the highest priority. First, Willow Pond has been losing money for the past three years. She must concentrate resources where most needed. Especially in the areas that could encounter passing the state inspections which could close them down. If this were to occur, not only would the residence by meetinged but also the employees. Also, there are services (i. e. wireless cyberspace/fresh paint/improved food quality) that could be put into place that would improve the physical appearance of the facility and the quality of life for the residence.Second, she must work to help the staff understand the need for change. Not only from the possible loose of income but in that the focus of their organization is to take care of people. Mistreating the residents when they make simple requests is an unacceptable behavior. This not only impacts the morale of the resi dents but can generate a account that can cause others not to choose Willow Pond as their assisted living choice. Lastly, I believe she needs to build trust not only in the management and employees but also with the residents that all parties have a vested interest in success.If the residents trust that the staff will take care of them and the employees trust that she is doing all she can to support them, the additive effect will be success. 3) Heather can utilize many charismatic aspects of her personality to aid in the transformation of Willow Pond. She will have to employ her â€Å"masterful communication skills” to get her vision on how great Willow Pond can become with everyone’s support. She must be very tactful in her communication to ensure she keeps phratry on board with her plans.This is very important considering that Willow Pond has lost money for the last three years and the possibility of the facility being unsym gradeetic if it does not turn around. Additionally, she will need to set the example for others with her energy and her actions by going the excess mile to ensure success. 1. Have you experienced charismatic leaders who were unable to be transformational? 2. Have you experienced transformational leaders who were not charismatic? 3. What were the circumstances surrounding the situation(s) you have experienced 1) Yes. Dubin implies for a leader to be transformational he/she must be charismatic.However, charisma on its own does not make one a transformational leader. If the charismatic leader cannot provide the vision and focus required to change the culture and/or subculture of the organization, he/she will not be effective. 2) Honestly, I cannot say that I have worked for a transformational leader that was not charismatic at some level. 3) What I have experienced are transformational leaders that have several difference levels of charisma. What drove the success of these leaders was their type of charisma stop to organ ization required for transformation.For example, one of my past supervisors was a more reserved personality but was very personable, good at promoting individual growth and setting goals. These traits proved to be valuable in merging two product offices and expression a project office organization. He would be a â€Å"Hedgehog” utilizing Jim Collins definitions in the book â€Å"Good to Great”. The flip side, I have had one supervisor who was very charismatic but was not effective in leading transformation. He could not focus the organizations energy on a common goal. Jim Collins would classify him as a â€Å"Fox”.It sounds like he may have been successful in some aspects, but at what cost. This type of work environment not only drives a lot of good people away it has a tendency to taint those who stay. The long term impacts on the organization and personnel may be more harmful than any perceived short-run success. V/R, JS Week 3 Activities Required Readings T he following items are required reading for this week: DuBrin, A. (2013) Leadership: Research Findings, Practices, and Skills (7th ed). Mason, OH: South-Western * Chapter 5: mishap and Situational Leadership * Chapter 6: Leadership Ethics and kind responsibilityWeek 3 Overview Overview The contingency model discussed in Chapter 5 assumes that the most effective leadership style or behavior depends on the situation or the followers. The leaders  behaviors are similar to those discussed before, but in this case the appropriate behavior depends on the situation, i. e. , is depending on(p) upon some other factors. The theories differ in terms of what types of contingent factors are important and how leaders should behave in light of those contingent factors. You will need to become familiar with the key contingency variables that differentiate the various contingency theories.Chapter 6 introduces the concepts of estimable and moral leadership as well as social responsibility. Wh ile these topics have always been important, recent events involving arguably un respectable leader behaviors makes these ideas more relevant today. Required Readings The following items are required reading for this week: DuBrin, A. (2013) Leadership: Research Findings, Practices, and Skills (7th ed). Mason, OH: South-Western * Chapter 5:  possibility and Situational Leadership * Chapter 6: Leadership Ethics and Social Responsibility Week 3 Instructor NotesChapter 5 †Contingency and Situational Leadership This chapter introduces the concept of contingency leadership, or what has also been called situational leadership ( Hershey and Blanchard). . The theories collected in this general category extend the behavior-based leadership research by recognizing that specific leader behaviors are more effective in some situations than other situations. In other words, the most effective leadership behavior is contingent upon the situation, which can be broadly defined to encompass a nything in the leaders environment.For example, one contingency factor that is found in almost every contingency theory focuses on the followers personal characteristics. Other common contingency variables include: the nature of the task, the nature of the work group, the organizations culture, and the amount of power the leader possesses. Each theory incorporates specific factors based on what factors the researcher felt were most important. There are many different contingency theories, but the textbook introduces the most important theories. Fiedlers Contingency TheoryThe first contingency theory introduced in the textbook ( pages 144-146) is Fiedlers Contingency Theory, or what is sometimes called â€Å"leader match” or â€Å"LPC theory. ” In this theory, the contingent factors are 1) the leaders relationship with the group or follower, 2) how clearly defined or structured the task is that the person or group must perform, and 3) the amount of position power posses sed by the leader. Dichotomizing these three variables results in eight possible combinations that range from little leader control to high leader control.The theory matches the leaders preferred style, either high task or high relationship, with one of the possible combinations. When the leaders style matches the existing situation, this should result in effective leadership. Fiedlers model is important because it was one of the first theories to highlight the contingent nature of leadership. While the research support is mixed for his theories, nevertheless Fiedlers theories were important in the development of leadership research. Another contingency theory demonstrable by Fred Fiedler and his colleague Joseph Garcia is called the Cognitive Resource Theory.This theory describes how stress plays a key role in determining how a leader’s intelligence is related to group performance. These are the three points made by Cognitive Resource Theory. 1. Those leaders with greater e xperience but lower intelligence are like to have higher-performing groups under high-stress conditions. Or under low stress conditions †the leader’s experience e is less relevant. 2. Leaders with high intelligence are more valuable than an experienced leader when innovation is needed and stress levels are low. 3.The understanding abilities of a leader who is experience stress will be diverted from the task at hand. As a result, measures of leader intelligence and competence do not correlate with group preference when the leader is stressed (New Approaches to effective Leadership: Cognitive Resources and organisational Performance, 1987). Path †Goal Theory The next major contingency theory introduced in the textbook is pathâ€goal theory, which is usually associated with Robert Houses theories. While there are several variations of this theory, the book presents the most common version.Although the theory is relatively complex, it focuses on the followers and the situation, just like Fiedlers LPC theory. However, the important characteristics of the followers and the situation are different than in Fiedlers LPC theory. The contingency variables in path-goal theory are based on expectancy theory, one of the more powerful demand theories. Because effective leaders must motivate followers, it makes sense to integrate a motivation theory with a leadership theory. Unlike many other contingency theories that focus on only two leader behaviors or styles, path-goal theory attempts to explain in which situations each of four ifferent leadership styles are most effective: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement oriented leadership styles. A newer version of the theory adds transformational leadership behaviors, but this is not covered in the book and you do not need to know it for this course. Blanchard Situational Leadership Model The next leadership model, the Situational Leadership II model, is one of the most popular leadership mod els. Many companies train managers in this theory. The Situational Leadership model was specifically create to simplify the complexity of most contingency theories (see Figure 5-4).As leadership theories become more complex, they also become more difficult for managers to use on a day-to-day basis. Accordingly ,Blanchard developed a alter theory focuses only on the followers characteristics. They concluded that the followers readiness to perform a task is the most important contingency factor, even though there are many other relevant factors. Followers â€Å"readiness” levels are comprised of their abilities and willingness to do a specific task. In this model, the leaders behaviors are either task oriented or relationship oriented, which makes it similar to the Leadership Grid and Fiedlers LPC model.Although the logic of Situational Leaderships prescriptions is somewhat questionable, and the research support is somewhat weak, nevertheless this theory has had a big impact on management and leadership training. Blanchard subsequently developed a modified version of this Situational Leadership model that shares the same name, which can create confusion. normative Decision Model The next contingency model introduced in the textbook is the Normative Decision Model proposed by Vroom and Yetton, and later modified by Vroom and Jago.As the name indicates, this theory attempts to prescribe the best type of decision-making in a given situation: autocratic, consultative, or group-based decision making. This is a contingency theory because the critical decision nodes or points in the theory reflect either a concern with the situation or with the followers. When diagrammed, the decision nodes or points in this model create a decision tree. Thus, this model is also referred to as the â€Å"decision tree model. ” Leader-Member give-and-take (LMX) Theory Another perspective under the contingency approach is the Leader †Member Exchange (we will see thi s model again in Chapter 9).The textbook finishes with a short description of how top executives actually lead and a discussion of leading during a crisis. These two topic areas are descriptive, and pretermit the kind of theoretical reasoning found in other theories and they have very limited research support. According to the text, top executives perform multiple leadership styles, the choice of which depends on the situation (a contingency approach). All of the styles reflect some combination of strategic leadership and change leadership, with relatively little emphasis on motivating individual followers.In a sense, these styles are variations on the transformational leadership style discussed earlier in the textbook. Week 3 Instructor Notes Chapter 6 †Leadership, Ethics, and Social Responsibility This chapter introduces the concepts of ethical and moral leadership behaviors. Whether you can hold on unethical or immoral behaviors by teaching morals and morality is not cle ar. However, being aware of ethical and moral issues is valuable, if for no other reason to have students reflect on their own ethics and morality. The text has a multifaceted approach to ethics. To be ethical, you should: * Be honest and trustworthy (have integrity) Pay attention to all relevant stakeholders * Find compatible goals for all stakeholders (â€Å"build community”) * Respect individuals by treating them moderately and honestly * Demonstrate modesty and restraint in accomplishing moral victories (â€Å"accomplish silent victories”) Leaders, of course, differ in their morality and ethical nature. One of the more interesting ideas is that leaders level of moral development varies (from pre-conventional, to conventional, to post-conventional levels). However, the situation can also have a large impact on the leaders behavior.Certain corporate cultures seem to ignore ethical issues, while others have extremely strong ethical values. There is a table outlining leaders who have questionable ethics, which will no doubt become longer over the near future. Whether leaders latterly have become less ethical, or they are simply being detected and publicized more is an unanswered question. Corporate social responsibility is the next concept in the chapter. This refers to the idea that organizations, and thus their leaders, have an obligation to society beyond simply following laws and making money for owners and shareholders.This idea reflects an ethic, but goes beyond any simple ethical principle (see Figure 6-1 Initiatives for Achieving a Socially Responsible and Ethical Organization). As the book notes, the topic cannot be covered well in the space allotted, but being thin and responsive to the community and the employees is the key idea. Whether an organization should lose money to help the community and employees is the key issue. If the concept of a â€Å"virtuous circle” is correct, then there is no trade-off between profits and s ocial responsibility because social and financial performance reinforce each others.Week 3 Discussion Description (click to collapse) Week 3 Discussion| Refer to the leadership styles shown on page 153 of the text (Figure 5-4 Situational Leadership II ). * What is your present style of leadership in most situations (directing, coaching, keep and/or delegating)? * Is this leade\r\n'